ETIOLOGY OF UROPATHOGENIC BACTERIA IN PATIENTS WITH URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN ZLITEN, LIBYA
Keywords:
urine, Escherichia, uropathogenic, Frequency of bacterial agents, multidrug resistance, LibyaAbstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most prevalent extra-intestinal bacterial infections that can affect anyone at any age where the infection rate is higher in woman than man. Many reports suggest that the rate of antibiotic resistance to infectious organisms is increasing. These infections are on the increase for outpatients attending Primary Health Centers and out patient department of Central Hospital in Zliten City, Libya. This study aimed to determine the etiological agents of patients with urinary tract infection from a small semi-urban city in Libya and the association of age, gender, and departments of hospital, as well as testing the susceptibility of bacterial strains isolated from patient admitted to Central Hospital in Zliten to different antimicrobial agents to determine the dominant phenotype pattern of resistance of antibiotics. Using standard microbiological techniques we examined urine specimens collected from 1165 patients with urinary tract pain during January 2013 to December 2013. Standard microbiological techniques were used to examine urine specimen samples and BD Phoenix Automated Microbiology System were used to determine the susceptibility of bacterial isolates against antimicrobial agents. We detected a causative agent in 434/1165 patients (37.3%).The most frequently isolated uropathogenic bacteria from patients with urinary tract infection were Escherichia coli 146/434 (33.6), klebsiella pneumonia 60/434 (13.8%) and Staphylococcus haemolyticus 51/434 (11.8%). With very few exceptions, no differences were observed in the antimicrobial resistance profiles of uropathogens isolated from the patients
References
IGUA(international urogynecological association). 2011. Urinary Tract Infection.
Schappert SM. 1997. Ambulatory care visits to physician offices, hospital outpatient departments, and emergency departments: United States, Vital Health Stat 13 1999. 143: 1–39.
Stamm WE, Norrby SR. 2001. Urinary tract infections: disease panorama and challenges. J Infect Dis. 183: Suppl 1:S1-S4.
Hussain N. 2001. Prevalance and susceptibility pattern of urinary pathogens. Biomedica.18: 76-79
Gales AC, Sader HS, Jones RN. 2002. Urinary tract infection trends in Latin American hospital. DiagnMicrobiol Infect Dis. 44: 289-299.
Amin M, Mehdinejad M, Pourdangchi Z. 2009. Study of bacteria isolated from urinary tract infections and determination of their susceptibility to antibiotics. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology. 2: 118-123.
Thomas JG. 1995. Urinary tract infection. In: Mahon CR and Manuselis G. Diagnostic microbiology. pp: 950-969.
Threlfall EJ, Cheasty T, Garaham A, Rowe, B.1998. Antibiotic resistance in Escherichiacoli isolated from blood and cerebrospinal fluid: a 6-year study of isolates from patients in England and Wales. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 9: 201-205.
Cristino JM. 1999. Correlation between consumption of antimicrobials in
humans and development of resistance in bacteria Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 12:199-202
Wilson M L, Gaido L. 2004 . Laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infections in adult patients. Clin Infect Dis 38, 1150–1158.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). 2009 Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard-Eighth Edition (M07-A8).
Shahina Z, Jahedul Islam MD, Abedind J, Ishaque Chowdhury AHM, Arifuzzaman MD.2011. A Study of Antibacterial Susceptibility and Resistance Pattern of E. coli Causing Urinary Tract Infection in Chittagong, Bangladesh. Asian J. Biol. Sci. 4: 548-555.
Bercovici M, Kaigala GV, Liao JC, Santiago JC . 2010 Rapid and high sensitivity detection of urinary tract infections using isothacho¬phoresis. 14th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences.Groningen, The Netherlands. pp. 797–799.
Getachew T. 2010 Bacterial pathogens implicated in causing urinary tract infection (uti) and their antimicrobial susceptibility pat¬tern in Ethiopia. Revista ENIC Ciencias Biol. 41:1–6.
Ahmed W, Ashraf M, Sattar A, Rehman S, Shabbir MA, Ijaz N, Ahmad R, Rao SI, Shahin F. 2015. Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility of gram negative bacteria associated with urinary tract infection. Biomed Lett. 1: 70-73.
Prakash D, Saxena RS. 2013. Distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial pathogens causing urinary tract Infection in Urban community of Meerut City, India. ISRN Microbiology. 2013:1-13
Strom BL, Collins M, West SL, Kreisberg J, Weller S. Sexual activity, contraceptive use, and other risk factors for symptomatic and symptomatic bacteriuria. A case control study. Ann Intern Med. 1987. 107: 816-23.
Warren JW, Abrutyn E, Richard Hebel J, Johnson JR, Schaeffer AJ, and Stamm WE.1999. Guidelines for antimicrobial treatment of uncomplicated acute bacterial cystitis and acute pyelonephritis in women. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 29: 745–758.
Nerurkar A, Solanky P, Naik S. 2012. Bacterial pathogens in urinary tract infection and antibiotic susceptibility pattern. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 21: 1–3.
Nicolle LE. 2001. Epidemiology of urinary tract infection. InfectMed. 18: 153–162.
Gupta V, Yadav A, Joshi RM. 2002. Antibiotic resistance pattern in uropathogens. Indian J Med. Microbiol. 20: 96-98.
Bajaj JK, Karyokarte RP, Kulkarni JD, Deshmukh AB. 1999. Changing aetiology of urinary tract infections and emergence of drugs resistance as a major problem. J Commun Dis. 31: 181-84.
Ashkenazi S, Even TS, Samra Z, Dinari G. 1991 Uropathogens of various populations and their antibiotic susceptibility. Paediatr Infect Dis J. 10:742-46.
Astal ZY, Sharif FA. 2002. Relationship between demographic characteristics and community-acquired urinary tract infection. EMHJ. 8: 164-171.
Kothari A, Sagar V. 2008. Antibiotic resistance in pathogens causing community-acquired urinary tract infections in India: a multi center study. J Infect Developing Counties. 2: 354-358.
Tayebi Z, Seyedjavadi SS, Goudarzi M, Rahimi MK, Boromandi S, Bostanabad SZ, Mirzaii A, Mahdiyoun M. 2014. Frequency and antibiotic resistance pattern in gram positive ropathogenes isolated from hospitalized patients with urinary tract infection in Tehran, Iran. Journal of Genes, Microbes and Immunity. 2014: 1-9
Kumari N, Rai A, Jaiswal CP, Xess A, Shahi SK. 2001 Coagulase negative staphylococci as causative agents of urinary tract infections- Prevalence and resistance status in IGIMS, Patna, India, Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology. 44: 415-419.
Von Eiff C, Proctor RA, Peters G. 2001.Coagulase negative staphylococci as pathogens have major role in nosocomial infections, Postgraduate Med Journal. 110: 63-64.
Khoshbakht R, Salimi A, Shirzad Aski H, Keshavarzi H. 2008. Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial strains isolated from urinary tract infections in Karaj, Iran, Jundishahpourmicrobial. 6: 86- 90.
Hryniewicz K, Szczypa K, Sulikowska A, Jankowski K, Betlejewska K, Hryniewicz W. 2001. Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial strains isolated from urinary tract infections in Poland, J Antimicrob Chemother. 47: 773-780.
Dimitrov TS, Udo EE, Awni F, Emara M, Passadilla R. 2004. Etiology and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of communityacquired urinary tract Infections in a Kuwait Hospital. Medical Principles and Practice. 13: 334–339.
Omigie O, Okoror L, Umolu P, Ikuuh G. 2009. Increasing resistance to quinolones: a four-year prospective study of urinary tract infection pathogens. International Journal of General Medicine. 2: 171–175.
Ogbukagu CM, Anakwenze VN, Ekwealor CC, Ezemba C, Ekwealor IA. 2016. Incidence of Urinary tract infections (UTI) amongst patients attending primary health centres in Anambra State.Advances in Microbiology. 6: 537-547.
Ziebuhr W, Hennig S, Eckart M, Kränzler H, Batzilla C, Kozitskaya S. 2006. Nosocomial infections by Staphylococcusepidermidis: how a commensal bacterium turns into a pathogen, Int J Antimicrob Agents. 28: 14-20.
Ebrahimzadeh, MA, Mahdavee, MR, Vahedi, M. 2005. Antibiotic resistance in E. coli isolatedfrom urine: a 2-year study on isolates from patients with urinary tract infections in Iran. Journal of Cell and Tissue Research. 5:445-448
Zorgani AA, Belgasim Z, Ziglam H, Ghenghesh KS. 2012. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of gram- negative bacilli and gram-positive cocci isolated from cancer patients in Libya Archives of Clinical Microbiology. 3: 1-8
Al-Zahran AJ, Akhtar N. 2005. Susceptibility patterns of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated in a teaching hospital. Pakistan Journal of Medical Research. 44: 64–67.
Goel N, Chaudhary U, Aggarwal R, Bala K, 2009. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of gram negative bacilli isolated from the lower respiratory tract of ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine. 13: 148–151.
Joly-Guillou ML, Kempf M, Cavallo JD, Chomarat M, Dubreuil L, Maugein J, Muller-Serieys C, Roussel-Delvallez M. 2010. Comparative in vitro activity of Meropenem, Imipenem and Piperacillin/tazobactam against 1071 clinical isolates using 2 different methods: a French multicentre study. BMC Infectious Diseases. 10: 72-80.
Gobernado M, Vald´es L, Al´os JI, Garc´ıa-Rey C, Dal- R´e R, Garc´ıa-de-Lomas J, 2007 Antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical Escherichia coli isolates from uncomplicat- ed cystitis in women over a 1-year period in Spain. Revista Espa˜nola de Quimioterapia. 20: 68–76.
Rashedmarandi FRM, Saremi M A. 2008. survey on urinary pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility among patients with significant bacteriuria. Iranian Journal of Pathology. 3: 191–196.
Orrett FA, Davis GK. 2006. A comparison of antimicrobial susceptibility profile of urinary pathogens for the years, 1999 and 2003.West Indian Med J. 55: 95-99.
Sahm DF, Thornsberry C, Mayfield DC, Jones ME, Karlowsky JA. 2001. Multidrug- resistant urinary tract isolates of Escherichia coli: prevalence and patient demographics in the United States in 2000. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 45: 1402-1406.
Nurullaev RB. 2004. The role of asymptomatic bacteriuria in epidemiologic study of the urinary tract infection (UTI). Lik Aprava. 7: 23-25.
Adjei O, Opoku C. 2004. Urinary tract infections in African infants. IntJAntimicrobAgents. 24: 32-34.
Haller M, Brandis M, Berner R. 2004. Antibiotic resistance of urinary tract pathogens and rationale for empirical intravenous therapy. PediatrNephrol. 19: 982-986.
Mostafa S, Abdulla K, Sedigheh R, Navid A. 2006. Microbial sensitivity pattern in urinary tract infections in children: a single center experience of 1117 urine culture. Jpn J Infect Dis. 59: 380-382.
Mehdinejad M, Sheikh AF, Jolodar A. 2008. Study of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcusaureus and species of coagulase negative staphylococci isolated from various clinical specimens. Pak J Med Sci. 24: 5 719-5724.
Nahaei MR, Shahmohammadi MR, Ebrahimi S, Milani M. 2015. Detection of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci and surveillance of antibacterial resistance in a multi-center study from Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 8: e19945.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2016 Journal of Basic Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
