Journal of Marine Sciences and Environmental Technologies
About the Journal The Journal of Marine Sciences and Environmental Technologies (JMSET) is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by the Faculty of Marine Resources, Alasmarya Islamic University (AIU), Libya. Established in 2015, JMSET publishes high-quality research that advances scientific knowledge, technological innovation, and sustainable development in marine and environmental sciences and related disciplines. Vision and Mission Vision: To be a leading international journal in marine sciences and environmental technologies, recognized for scientific excellence, academic integrity, and impactful research. Mission: To disseminate high-quality, peer-reviewed, open-access research that promotes scientific advancement, innovation, and sustainable solutions for marine and environmental challenges. Scope and Research Areas JMSET welcomes high-quality research that advances the understanding, management, conservation, and sustainable use of marine and environmental resources, including marine sciences, marine engineering and technology, fisheries and aquaculture, ocean and coastal systems, port management, maritime transport, supply chain and logistics management, sustainability, the blue economy, and related interdisciplinary fields. Double-Blind Peer Review All submissions undergo a rigorous double-blind peer-review process conducted by independent experts to ensure scientific quality, objectivity, fairness, and research integrity. Diamond Open Access JMSET operates under a Diamond Open Access model. All published articles are freely accessible immediately upon publication, with no submission, processing, publication, subscription, or access fees charged to authors or readers. Publication Frequency JMSET is published twice a year, with issues released in June and December, and accepts manuscripts in both Arabic and English. Publication Ethics JMSET is committed to the highest standards of publication ethics and follows principles of integrity, transparency, fairness, and responsible scholarly publishing.
Applying the Cognitive Analysis of Reliability and Errors (CREAM) Model to Estimate the Probability of Human Error during Engine Room Fire Suppression Operations on Ships
The present study aimed to apply the Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM) to estimate human error probability during ship engine room firefighting operations. The study was conducted in light of the increasing importance of human factors in critical maritime operations, particularly during emergency response to engine room fires. A descriptive analytical approach was adopted, in which firefighting procedures were decomposed into main and sub-tasks using Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA), followed by evaluating the Common Performance Conditions (CPCs) affecting crew performance during firefighting operations. Both the Basic and Extended CREAM models were applied to identify cognitive control modes and estimate Human Error Probability (HEP) for different operational tasks during fire response procedures. The findings revealed significant variation in human error probability across the different stages of emergency response. Higher error probabilities were associated with tasks related to isolating the fire area, shutting down ventilation systems, crew coordination, and performing firefighting operations under time pressure and complex operational conditions. The results also demonstrated that communication quality, training level, and the availability of resources and equipment directly influence human performance efficiency during emergencies. Furthermore, the study confirmed that the CREAM model provides an effective framework for analyzing the relationship between human performance and operational context within high-risk maritime environments. It also assists in identifying the most error-prone tasks, thereby supporting the improvement of training programs and enhancing maritime safety and emergency response procedures onboard ships.
Copyright (c) 2024 أحمد فتحي عاشور، سامح قباري راشد، سامح فرحات السيد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Organic Load Input from the Sewage Outfalls along Tripoli Coast
The study, which was conducted on seasonal samples (summer and winter), has concluded from sewage outfalls for five stations that located along the coast of the city of Tripoli, that wastewater contains high levels of all indicating pollution that showed (Massive Enrichments) with organic materials, and also showed (Eutrophication) with nutrients, where the measurements recorded very low dissolved oxygen with a concentration of 0.14 mg/L at the SPAN outfall in TAJOURA, and the highest value of the dissolved oxygen was at the outfall of SIDI ABDEL-JALIL with 4.18 mg/L for the same season (Summer), the values of the pH and the temperature of the wastewater came within the limitations of Libyan standard specifications, contrary to all other parameter targeted in the study, where the values of the pH ranged between 6.98 and 8.20 pH units, and temperatures between 19.20° and 22.10° in the winter, Between 27.80° and 28.6° in the summer, the results showed a difference in the BOD and COD values between the regions, where the lowest value of the biological oxygen demand is 51.00 mg/L in the summer at the outfall of HAI AL-ANDALUS station, and the highest value was 161.70 mg/L in the summer at the outfall of SPAN. As for the values of chemical oxygen demand, it ranged between 206.70 – 9221.70 mg/L at the overflow of HAI AL-ANDALUS station and SPAN for the summer and winter seasons, respectively. The results of the analysis of total suspended solid (TSS) were ranged between 39.00 - 252.30 mg/L. As for the nutrients, the total nitrogen concentration (TN) ranged between the highest and lowest values recorded at the outfall of ALSEYAHIA – AL-SARRAJ by 62.30 – 7833.30 mg/L for the summer and winter seasons, respectively, and the total phosphorus concentration (TP) Between the lowest value of 6.30 mg/L recorded in the summer, and the highest value of 31.70 mg/L recorded in the winter. It has been found that he results of all pollutants determined were higher in wither season than in summer. On the other hand, the study estimated that more than 141,000 m3 of wastewater is discharged daily into the coastal area of the city of Tripoli. The amount of organic load was found to be 10 tons /day for the summer season and 19 tons / day for winter. These values were equal to/or exceeding the guidelines values set by MAP of the Barcelona Convention. The guidelines value define that any point receives 10 tons of organic load in term of BOD per day is considered a HOT SPOT, which a polluted place that need a speedy state intervention. The obtained results also indicated that the wastewater discharged into the coastal area of the city of Tripoli was not subject to ant treatment even primary treatment processes.
Copyright (c) 2024 عبد الرحمن عثمان العطا، محمد سالم حمودة https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Reservoir Evaluation of Carbonate Rocks Using Well-Log Data in the Eastern Sirte Sedimentary Basin, Libya
This study aims to investigate the petrophysical properties of the Lidam Formation in Well X3, located in the eastern Sirte Sedimentary Basin, Libya. These properties include effective porosity and permeability, which are influenced by mineral composition and shale content and play a significant role in determining the storage capacity and productivity of reservoir fluids (oil, gas, and water). Therefore, evaluating these properties is essential for assessing the production potential of hydrocarbon reservoirs. The study utilized well-log data for reservoir evaluation using Schlumberger equations and interpretation charts, in conjunction with FlexInLog software, to achieve an optimal assessment of the Lidam Formation. The results demonstrated a strong agreement between the petrophysical parameters derived from well-log analysis and those obtained from core sample data. Reservoir evaluation revealed that the formation is composed mainly of limestone and dolomite, with minor amounts of anhydrite and a shale content not exceeding 30%. The formation exhibits an average effective porosity of 6% and an average secondary porosity of 0.71%. Oil saturation exceeds 65%, with more than 60% of this value representing movable oil saturation. These findings indicate that the carbonate reservoir interval constitutes a highly productive oil-bearing zone. Furthermore, the established zone parameters can serve as a valuable reference for evaluating neighboring areas containing rocks with similar petrophysical characteristics.
Copyright (c) 2024 عبد السلام مفتاح علي، محمد بلعيد حويج، عبد الحكيم محمد كشلوط https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Framework for Smart Geospatial Systems: Integrating Wireless Sensor Networks and Web GIS for Real -Time Monitoring – LISCO (Libyan Iron & Steel Company) Case Study
The integration of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and Web-based Geographic Information Systems (Web GIS) offers a powerful foundation for smart geospatial systems capable of real-time monitoring and decision-making in industrial environments. This paper presents a comprehensive framework that combines WSNs with Web GIS to enable continuous environmental and infrastructure monitoring, with a focus on the Libyan Iron & Steel Company (LISCO) as a case study. The system collects real-time data from sensors deployed across critical locations within the plant premises, including air quality, temperature, humidity, and structural vibrations. This data is integrated into a web-based GIS platform, enabling visual analytics, alerting mechanisms, and predictive maintenance capabilities. The proposed framework demonstrates how sensor-GIS integration enhances situational awareness, improves safety, and supports sustainable operations in heavy industries.
Copyright (c) 2024 عبد العظيم سالم معيتيق، عبد الله ابورويص https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Study of the Properties of Beach Sand Accumulations on the Coast East of Wadi Kaam, Zliten City, and a Comparison with the Libyan Standard Specifications for Construction Materials
The area east of Wadi Kaam in the city of Zliten is considered one of the most significant sources of wind-driven marine sand in western Libya. Large quantities of sand are generated from various sections of the coastline and are deposited as mobile and accumulated dunes at multiple locations along the coast. This area hosts major human activities, including the coastal highway, agricultural activities, and industrial facilities. Consequently, these moving sands constitute a persistent source of numerous problems despite their importance as a valuable raw material for construction purposes. The primary objectives of this study were to employ specialized scientific techniques to enhance the understanding of the physical and chemical characteristics of mobile beach sands and to propose suitable solutions to the problems associated with their movement and accumulation. Five sampling sites were selected along the coastline, extending from the mouth of Wadi Kaam to Zliten Marina. These included Kaam Beach, Al-Qazzahiya Beach, Al-Hashm Beach, the Sand Dunes Site, the area west of the Desalination Plant, and the Zliten Marine Club. Three sampling points were established at each site as sources of beach sand samples. Additional samples were collected from inland sand accumulations in the form of dunes located away from the shoreline. The collected samples were analyzed to determine their key physical properties, including bulk density, particle density, porosity, and grain-size distribution. In addition, several chemical properties were examined, including pH, electrical conductivity, chloride, sulfate, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and organic matter content. The study results revealed significant differences in the physical and chemical properties of beach sand samples compared with those obtained from dunes, mainly due to the leaching effects of rainfall. The findings further indicated that these sands are suitable for use in construction activities, including the production of cement blocks and concrete casting.
Copyright (c) 2024 Aly Y. Okasha, Ali A. Tuwaihir, and Khaled M. Boushnaaf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Standard Threshold Values and Their Role in Protecting Workers at Power Generation Stations Under Atmospheric Stability Conditions: A Case Study of the Khoms Power Station
Industrial processes based on fuel combustion, such as those employed at the Al-Khoms Power Generation Station, result in the release of significant quantities of various air pollutants, including nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), sulfur compounds, and suspended particulate matter. The dispersion of these pollutants in the atmosphere is generally influenced by several meteorological factors, particularly wind speed and direction. However, under certain conditions, air movement may decrease substantially, leading to the accumulation of pollutants in the vicinity of the emission source. This accumulation can significantly increase pollutant concentrations within the workplace environment, posing serious health risks to workers in industrial facilities. This study investigates the extent of pollutant accumulation resulting from emissions released through the stacks of the Al Khoms Power Generation Station under calm-air conditions. The analysis assumes that pollutant emissions remain within the maximum permissible limits established by Egyptian and U.S. environmental standards. The results indicate that compliance with international emission standards alone is insufficient to ensure a safe working environment for personnel in industrial facilities. Therefore, additional preventive and protective measures are required to safeguard workers’ health, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability and limited air circulation.
Copyright (c) 2024 سليمان عمر الحويمدي، علي عكاشة https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Air Quality in the Area Surrounding the Libyan Iron and Steel Company in Misrata City, Northwestern Libya
Some industrial facilities in the city of Misrata emit gaseous and particulate pollutants that may adversely affect human health and the environment, as is the case at the Libyan Iron and Steel Company (LISCO). In this study, the ambient air quality in the area surrounding the Libyan Iron and Steel Company in Misrata was monitored and assessed over a full year, covering all four seasons. The results indicated that sulfur dioxide (SO₂), ozone (O₃), hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), ammonia (NH₃), and chlorine (Cl₂) were not detected in the study area. This is a positive finding that can be utilized in directing the priorities of future environmental studies and activities. The findings also showed that nitrogen oxide concentrations were elevated at certain times and at some monitoring locations both inside and outside the company's perimeter. In general, the measured concentrations suggested that conditions were relatively safe, owing to the open nature of the area, which facilitates air movement and reduces pollutant accumulation. At the same time, this limits the presence of toxic secondary pollutants associated with nitrogen oxides, such as ground-level ozone. The results further revealed that particulate pollutants, including dust and respirable particulate matter, constitute the most significant environmental concern in the study area. High dust concentrations were generally recorded in the ambient air of the region, and a noticeable increase in respirable particulate matter concentrations was also observed.
Copyright (c) 2024 علي عكاشة، خليل أبو زقية، سليمان الحويمدي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Urban Expansion and Its Role in the Spatial and Temporal Variability of Land Surface Temperature in the Area Extending from Shahhat to Al Bayda, Libya
The study area has recently experienced significant environmental pressure as a result of increasing urbanization, uncontrolled urban expansion, inadequate planning practices, and limited environmental awareness. Accordingly, this study seeks to investigate the impacts of these changes on the region. The research primarily relied on geospatial technologies, namely Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS), for the analysis of satellite imagery. The significance of the study lies in monitoring and analyzing changes in Land Surface Temperature (LST) during the years 2000, 2010, and 2020. Supervised classification techniques were employed alongside the calculation of key indices, including the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Urban Built-up Index, and Land Surface Temperature Index. Furthermore, a Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model was applied to examine the relationship between LST and the selected explanatory variables, providing insights into the influence of these factors on surface temperature patterns. In addition, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to assess the statistical relationships between LST and the studied indices. ASTER nighttime satellite imagery was utilized to detect Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) within the study area. Hot Spot Analysis (Hot Spot Analysis: Getis-Ord Gi) was also conducted to identify hot and cold zones and to locate significant thermal hotspots. The findings revealed several important outcomes, most notably the occurrence of the Urban Heat Island phenomenon and the identification of the most thermally stressed locations. Results showed substantial growth in the Urban Built-up Index, with urban areas increasing from 12.60 km² in 2000 to 97.74 km² in 2020, largely at the expense of green spaces. Consequently, land surface temperatures increased, accompanied by a marked intensification of urban heat island effects in the cities of Al Bayda and Shahhat.
Copyright (c) 2024 مختار عشري عبد السلام، بُثينة محمـد سعيد الصالح https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Environmental Awareness among General Basic Education School Students Regarding the Disposal of School Waste in the Daryanah Area
This study aims to determine the environmental awareness of public-school students, as most schools suffer from a lack of environmental awareness regarding how to deal with school waste. This study was conducted on public primary school students in the Daryanah region during the 2021/2022 academic year to determine the extent of students' environmental awareness regarding how to dispose of school waste. A questionnaire was distributed to (100) randomly selected students from (5) primary schools in the region. The results, presented as percentages and descriptive analysis, showed a weakness in environmental awareness regarding how to dispose of school waste, and that 83% agree that there is a real and worrying problem of environmental pollution. The results also showed that 56% of students do not maintain the cleanliness of their school. The study also reached some conclusions and recommendations related to the subject of the study, and the most prominent recommendation is that curricula should include some environmental concepts that are in line with the needs of individuals and the surrounding community and develop their environmental awareness.
Copyright (c) 2024 عبد الحميد خليفة الزربي، أيناس صالح الزياني https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Food and Feeding Habits of Lagocephalus scelertaus (Clark & Gohar, 1993) in Derna Coast, Mediterranean Sea, Libya, and Hurghada Coast, Red Sea, Egypt
A study of the food and feeding habits of the Lessepsian migrant puffer fish species Lagocephalus sceleratus (family Tetraodontidae) was carried out for two different populations; the first represented the native population on the Hurghada coast (Red Sea), while the other one representative to the migrant population in Derna coast, eastern Libyan Mediterranean Sea. The samples were collected monthly for the two populations from January to December 2022. The annual diet composition, monthly variations in the diet composition, the variations of diet with length, and the intensity of feeding were studied. Lagocephalus sceleratus feeds on a wide variety of prey types: In Derna coast, feed on mollusks (51.6%), supplemented by crustaceans (21.4%), bony fish (19.3%), polychaeta (5.6%), and echinoderms (2.2%). In Hurghada, fish mainly feed on mollusks (59.7%), supplemented by crustaceans (19.2%), bony fish (13.8%), echinoderms (4.1%), and soft corals (3.1%). Mollusks, crustaceans, bony fish and echinoderms were found all year round and in all length groups for Lagocephalus sceleratus in both stations. In the present study, mollusks, polychaeta and echinoderms decreased as the size increased, while crustaceans and bony fish increased as the fish size increased. The feeding activities were quite high during spring (79.2%) and autumn (69.6%) in Derna coast. While there is a maximal rate of feeding intensity recorded in winter (71.6%) and autumn (79.6%) in Hurghada coast for Lagocephalus sceleratus.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ebziow, E. A.-N. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Performance Evaluation Study of Cost and Time Benchmarks on Construction Projects Using the Earned Value Management Method: Road Duplication Paving Project in Zliten, Libya- Case study
One of the most significant challenges facing engineering project management, including research and development, construction, and other projects, is completing projects according to schedules and budgets. These challenges often stem from shortcomings in the application of technical, time-related, and financial planning and monitoring mechanisms. Earned Value Management (EVM) is a powerful and effective tool for addressing these shortcomings by linking actual progress of completed work to time taken and cost incurred, and comparing it to the project's planned baseline. This paper aims to highlight the vital importance of adopting the EVM methodology in monitoring the implementation of construction projects and its use as a benchmark for evaluating cost and time performance. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of key EVM concepts and indicators, including Values of Planned, Earned, and Actual, Cost Variance, Schedule Variance, as well as Performance Indicators (CPI, SPI) which reached 0.76 and 0.90 respectively, and forecasting indicator (EAC) which is 6.44 M Libyan dinar, the project appears to have experienced a financial overrun of approximately 31.8% and a schedule delay of approximately 10% from what was originally planned. The paper also analyzes the implications of these indicators in different project performance scenarios, emphasizing the role of EVM in identifying deviations early, and guiding decisions for corrections that lead to the successful completion of projects. The contribution of this study the significance of this work is in importing sensitivity testing as a rare case study within the frameworks of infrastructure projects in Libya.
Cost and Schedule Performance Indicators
Copyright (c) 2025 مصطفى محمد صوفية، مصطفى عمر حكومه، عطيه نجي نجي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Morphological Study of Two Species of Brown Algae (Cystoseira compressa, Dictyopteris membranacea) Collected from Al-Sabri Coast, Benghazi
Benghazi was located in the northeastern part of Libya, overlooking the Mediterranean coast, it has a coastline rich in marine algae, extending approximately 18 km in length. This study was conducted on Al-Sabri coast Benghazi, during June and July 2024, to collection and identification the brown algae Cystoseira compressa and the brown algae Dictyopteris membranacea, both species were identified through morphological study.
Copyright (c) 2025 نادين عثمان أزرقة، نيروز عبد السلام قرقوم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of Hematological and Biochemical Indicators in Relation to Thyroid Function in Hemodialysis Patients in Al Khums City, Libya
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a global health problem. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is common in dialysis patients and contributes to bone disorders and vascular calcification. This study, conducted at Al-Khums Kidney Hospital, Libya, from July to December 2024, included 150 participants: 100 dialysis patients (50 males and 50 females) and 50 healthy individuals (25 males and 25 females). Hematological parameters such as hemoglobin (HGB) and red blood cell count (RBC) and biochemical markers such as urea, creatinine, TSH, T3, and T4 were measured using standard laboratory methods. Patients showed significantly elevated creatinine (9.55±2.55 mg/dL), urea (148.88±34.61 mg/dL), and TSH (3.56±0.62 μIU/mL), and decreased T3 (0.96±0.19 ng/mL), T4 (6.56±0.62 μg/dL), and HGB (10.92±1.87 g/dL) compared to the control group. Pearson correlation analysis revealed statistically significant negative correlations between urea and T3, creatinine and T3, and between hemoglobin and both urea and creatinine. Conversely, we found statistically significant positive correlations between urea and creatinine, red blood cells and T3, and urea and TSH. These results underscored the importance of regularly monitoring thyroid function and blood parameters in dialysis patients to minimize potential complications
Copyright (c) 2025 آمنة عبد المطلب احريبش، يونس مفتاح الزائدي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
First Successful Hormonal Induced Spawning of European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in the Private Aquaculture Sector in Libya
This study documents the first successful hormonal-induced spawning of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in a private commercial hatchery in Libya. Wild broodstock (12 females, 9 males) collected from Farwa Lagoon were conditioned for three months under controlled photoperiod (12 L:12 D → 9 L:15 D) and stepped-down temperature (21 → 14 °C, ≈ 1638 DD). A single intramuscular injection of Lh-RHa (10 µg kg⁻¹) induced ovulation in all females within 72 h. Egg production averaged 16.3% of female body weight (4000 g total). Morphological indices (mean diameter 1000 µm) met established quality thresholds. Despite a female-biased sex ratio (1.3:1), hatching rate reached 50%, already surpassing the 30% typically recorded for imported eggs after transport. Economic analysis indicates a 61% reduction in seed cost (€0.10 vs €0.26 per viable fry). Results demonstrate that locally adapted protocols using wild broodstock can reliably supply high-quality seabass seed, offering a replicable model in Libyan hatcheries and reducing dependence on imported fry.
Copyright (c) 2025 عبد الله م. المقاوشي، سارة أ. المبروك، محمد ف. سعد الله، محمد ع. عريبي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Dose-Dependent Modulation of Interleukin-8 (IL-8) Gene Expression in the Kidney of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fed Dietary Supplementation with Vitex agnus-castus L. Seed Extract
The current study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Vitex agnus-castus (chaste tree) seed extract as a sustainable immunostimulant in aquaculture, focusing on the gene expression of Interleukin-8 (IL-8) in the kidneys of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). To this end, 240 fish were distributed into four dietary groups receiving different supplement doses (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0%) for 8 weeks, followed by tissue analysis using qPCR. The results demonstrated that the extract exerts a dose-dependent effect; while the 0.5% dose showed no significant change, the 1.0% dose significantly upregulated gene expression (2.8-fold), potentially enhancing immune readiness. Conversely, the high dose (2.0%) led to a downregulation of gene expression, suggesting potential anti-inflammatory effects. These findings confirm the potent immunomodulatory capacity of this extract and underscore the necessity of determining optimal dosages to enhance disease resistance within the aquaculture sector.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamed O. A. Salem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Preliminary Study of Microplastics Ingestion by Some Fish Species Collected from the Coast of Benghazi, Libya, Southern Mediterranean
Microplastic pollution is widespread across the globe. Their concentrations have increased, and these substances have accumulated in aquatic environments for years, inducing numerous physiological abnormalities in living organisms, including fish. The present study examined microplastics in the guts of two fish species (Serranus scriba and Lithognathus mormyrus) along the coast of Benghazi (southern Mediterranean), Libya. It was observed that both fish species (n=36) ingested 101 MPs in total. The highest contamination was found in Serranus scriba (3.94 MP/individual). A total of 1.90 MP/individual was registered for Lithognathus mormyrus specimens. Fibers were the most common microplastic type in Serranus scriba (37; 58%), while fragments were the most prevalent in Lithognathus mormyrus (11, 28%). This experimental study was the first to present data on various microplastic polymers in Libyan fishes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mona M. Said, Laila A. Ibrahim, Marwa M. Elamami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mixed Matrix Membranes-Derived from High-Density Polyethylene and Mesembryanthemum Crystallinum for Separation of Methylene Blue Dye from Aqueous Solutions
The membrane technology has been found to play a significant role in water purification applications such as wastewater treatment and brackish water desalination. Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) are a new type of promising membranes that derived from polymer matrixes and nanomaterials. The goal of this study is to develop a new type of MMMs from dispersion of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (MC) in a polymeric matrix of high density polyethylene (HDPE). Three MMMs were fabricated, which classified according to the wt% MC content as HDPE-SC/MC-0, HDPE-SC/MC-1, and HDPE-SC/MC-2. The MMMs characteristics such as hydrophilicity, porosity, permeability, pure water flux have been studied. The performance of the obtained MMMs for rejection of methylene blue dye (MBD) also has been investigated. The results indicated that the addition of 2 wt% of MC in membrane enhanced the rejection efficiency of the neat HDPE membrane for MBD from 42 to 60 %.
Copyright (c) 2025 المهدي عطية الحويج، علي نوري الدروقي، معمر بشير يحيى، وائل خليفة الحراري https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Environmental Impact of Poor Waste Management at the Al Bayda City Landfill on Neighboring Residential Areas: A Case Study
Al-Bayda city in Libya is facing escalating environmental challenges due to the continuous accumulation of various types of waste, which significantly increases the risk of contaminating vital water sources and poses serious threats to both the environment and public health. The widespread practice of open-air waste burning has further exacerbated health risks for humans, animals, and birds alike. This study examines the environmental repercussions of inadequate planning and mismanagement at the Al-Bayda landfill, with a particular focus on the potential of recycling as a sustainable alternative to open burning. Adopting a case study methodology supported by field observation and document analysis, the research findings suggest that promoting recycling and integrating it into the local economy can serve as an effective environmental solution, contributing to ecosystem protection and enhancing national economic output through strengthened agricultural and livestock sectors. The paper recommends implementing a comprehensive and sustainable waste management strategy that eliminates open burning and expands recycling initiatives, aiming to strike a balance between environmental preservation and economic development.
Copyright (c) 2025 محمد مختار خنفور، إبراهيم عبد العزيز كرشمان، سلطان على الطويني https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of Ship Stability Using Longitudinal and Transverse Equilibrium Equations: A Practical Application on the Libyan Vessel ANWAAR AFRQYA
Load distribution within ships, particularly oil tankers, is a fundamental factor that directly impacts their stability and navigational safety, especially in light of the ongoing changes in shipping patterns and modern marine designs. Despite the existence of general regulatory standards, maritime accidents still indicate gaps in understanding the precise relationship between longitudinal and transverse mass distribution and its impact on the dynamic and static stability of ships. Based on this problem, this study aimed to; analyze the stability of marine vessels by applying mathematical modeling of longitudinal and transverse equilibrium equations, using the Libyan oil tanker ANWAAR AFRQYA as a real-world case study. The metacentric height (GM) and the righting arm (GZ) are key indicators used to assess a ship's ability to resist heeling and capsizing under various maritime forces. Based on the vessel's actual specifications, the submerged volume and transverse moment of inertia were estimated to calculate the metacentric radius and GM under different loading conditions. The results showed that a ship is unstable when the center of gravity is significantly higher than the center of buoyancy. The center of gravity is higher than the metacenter (M), and the GM value becomes negative, indicating a tendency to capsize, which increases the possibility of a rollover, especially at angles of inclination exceeding 15°. When the center of gravity was lowered to more appropriate levels, the stability improved significantly, with GZ values remaining within safe limits. This study highlights the importance of load distribution and dynamic ballast systems, particularly for deep-draft, longitudinally structured tankers. It also emphasizes the value of mathematical models in supporting engineering decisions during both design and operational phases
Copyright (c) 2025 حمزة مفتاح رجب، بالقاسم محمد الأعوج، عبدالسلام رمضان دلف https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Antibiotic Resistance in Bacterial Isolates from Freshwater and Seawater Samples in Zliten City, Libya
Water is the most favorable surrounding for various life forms to grow. The aquatic environments are recognized reservoirs of the broad spectrum of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including pathogenic ones, which have the potential to spread antibiotic resistance to different environments and pose risks to public and environmental health. This work estimated the resistance of six identified bacterial isolates from sea and freshwater in Zliten, Libya, to five frequently prescribed antibiotics. It was observed that the first sequence LC532105 from Wadi Kaam water shows similarity with Citrobacter freundii strain NCTC9750, second sequence LC532106 shows similarity with Bacillus pumilus strain ATCC 7061, third sequence LC532107 shows similarity with Bacillus megaterium strain ATCC 14581 , fourth sequence from sea water shows similarity with Citrobacter freundii strain NCTC9750, fifth sequence shows similarity with Proteus vulgaris strain ATCC 29905, while last sequence shows similarity with Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain DSM 50071. The first and fourth type strains (Citrobacter freundii) are not toxic, and the second, third, fifth, and sixth types were toxic, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All bacterial isolates from both sampling sites showed resistance against cefotaxime. A continuous analysis for the physicochemical and antibiotic resistance profile of bacterial isolates of surface water is frequently required.
Copyright (c) 2025 سعاد شعبان محمد الدبرزي، منصور محمد الحولي، القاسم شكشك، علي المشغب، حنان التونسي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Study of Some Biological characteristics of the Dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) in the Western Libyan Coast
This study presents the first report on the biological characteristics of the Dolphinfish, Coryphaena hippurus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Libyan coast. Samples were collected from Fishing ports in the western Libyan coast, during the period from August to November (2021). The total length and weight ranged from 28 to 85 cm (mean 48.98 cm), and 141.6 to 3654 (mean 838.62 g) respectively. The growth in the relationship of height and weight was homogeneous isometric (W= 0.0081L3.02), and the strength of the correlation between height and weight was strong (R2 = 0.98). As for the highest value of the gonad somatic index (GSI), it was in October (0.28), and the monthly average of the condition factor (CF) for the three months August, September and October, respectively (0.84, 0.92, and 0.88), and the sex ratio of males to females was (1: 2), and by examining the stages Sexual maturity the spawning period is between September and October.
Copyright (c) 2025 محمد الهاشمي الشارف، أحمد عبد السلام النفاتي، إيمان محمد أبوغريس، نجلاء محمد أبوشعالة https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Study of The Reality of Solid Waste Management in Zintan City
The study focuses on the most critical contemporary environmental problem, namely solid waste management, which most cities and countries in the world suffer from. Rapid population and economic growth rates witnessed by the city of Zintan in the last decade, which led to an increase in waste production rates and thus increased pollution rates, as the city’s population reached about 70 thousand people, and the per capita waste product was approximately 0.5 kg/day, with total amount of production 21,718 tons annually. The waste is currently treated randomly by throwing waste into the final landfill, and the process of landfilling and burying the waste rarely takes place. The solid waste management system suffers from a set of problems related to collection and transportation, as there is no keeping up and development between population growth and urban expansion in the city and the level of waste collection and disposal services. In addition to the problems of not having a database for the waste management process, the obvious shortage in the number of workers, waste collection machinery and equipment, and the lack of a plan or strategy for waste management in the city, so there was a need to have a comprehensive waste management database in Zintan, to reach an integrated management system for waste of all kinds, including the development of current methods, ways and technologies for collecting and transporting waste, finding waste treatment facilities, and developing mechanisms for its final disposal, and developing proper engineering and environmental solutions to address issues related to waste of all kinds, household and medical, demolition and construction waste, slaughterhouse waste, butchers' waste ... etc. With the development of municipal management of solid waste according to the most effective international environmental sustainability standards, and the development of standards that suit the city of Zintan, this study was prepared according to several tasks as followed: Collecting and analyzing information, data and holding workshops with the relevant authorities, represented by the Cleaning Services Center and the Environmental Sanitation Affairs Department in the municipality. Assess the current situation and identify issues related to the waste. Conducting detailed studies on the proportions, types, and classification of waste components. Conducting measurements about the individual product of solid waste, where the process of measuring the individual product of solid waste was carried out by selecting a group of random houses in different areas within the city. Identify strengths, weaknesses and develop appropriate solutions. Finally, develop appropriate recommendations that reflect the future vision and strategic goals for waste management with appropriate and sustainable standards.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Marine Sciences and Environmental Technologies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efficiency Analysis of the Third Unit in Al-Khoums Steam Power Plant, Libya
The thermal and overall efficiency of the third unit in the Al-Khoums steam power plant were investigated in this paper. Two samples of data have been used: the first was collected from the start-up data sheet of the power plant with a load of 120 MWH, and the second was collected in June 2023 with a load of 96 MWH. This study reveals that the thermal efficiency of the unit decreased by 9.4% (from 40.4% to 36.6%) due to the life of the plant and the stoppage of extraction lines, and the overall efficiency decreased by 8.7% (from 36.7% to 33.5%). Moreover, heat rejected by the condenser increased in the second sample by 44 kJ/kg. Steam cycles for both study samples were presented by T-S diagrams using Engineering Equation Solver software (EES), and it was clear from those diagrams that the efficiency of the high-pressure turbine in the first sample is higher than the second one.
Determine the Optimal Cutting Conditions in Longitudinal Turning Operations over the Life of the Cutting Tool to Achieve the Best Production Rate and Lowest Cost
In this manuscript, the effect of cutting conditions (cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut) on the life of the cutting tool was studied in longitudinal turning operations for a sample of medium carbon iron (C35) with a length of 1200 mm and a diameter of 100 mm using a traditional turning machine and a carbide cutting tool. (P10). The experiments were designed based on three levels of cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut using the Taguchi method to reduce the number of experiments, and the (minetab16) program was used to achieve this. The level of importance of cutting conditions on the life of the cutting tool was determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA). In this study, the level of importance of cutting conditions on the life of the cutting tool was determined. Determine the optimal cutting conditions according to economic and production criteria such as the minimum total cost and the maximum production rate. The results showed that an increase in cutting speed leads to a decrease in tool life, as well as an increase in the feed rate and depth of cut. From the analysis table (ANOVA) it is clear that the cutting speed factor is the most It had an impact on the life of the cutting tool by 91.9%, followed by the feed rate by 6%, while the effect of depth of cut had the least impact on the life of the cutting tool by 1.2%. The cost and production rate, represented by the number of parts manufactured for each cutting tool, were also estimated in the practical experiments that were conducted. In light of this estimate, the optimal cutting conditions were chosen to obtain the best cutting tool life productively and economically. The results showed that the optimal cutting conditions were obtained to improve the cutting tool life in the turning process at a cutting speed of 46 m/min, feed rate of 0.1 mm/roll, and a cutting depth of 3 mm.
Measuring Blocked Force Using beams and Gear Box Testing System Based on Vibration Signal
The Blocked Force Method has been stated in this study. A discussion of some promising benefits of using this method in the context of condition monitoring (CM) for rotating machinery also has been described. The Blocked Force Method is an inverse method where measured vibration signals are sent back to a position nearer to the source of vibration utilizing pre-measured frequency response functions (FRFs). The blocked force is obtained as a result of the inverse calculation, which can be measured only indirectly. This procedure can lead to two important benefits for CM applications. Firstly, the blocked forces are exact to a particular source, while vibration signals in machine casings comprise excitation effects from all active components. Therefore, by re-deploying the signals back to blocked forces, it is probable to spread out the signals from different components. Traditional techniques of signal processing can be applied with a cleaner signal as an initial point. Secondly, based on specific assumptions, blocked forces are an inherent property of the vibration source. This means that they can provide valuable insight into the source of vibration and help identify potential faults or abnormalities. Overall, the Blocked Force Method offers a powerful approach to condition monitoring by extracting blocked forces and utilizing them for analysis and fault detection.
Application of Modeling to Human Reliability Assessment (HRA) and Error Analysis Method in Marine Systems
The main objective of this research is to reduce human error in the workplace environment, especially during critical shipboard operations using a Human Reliability Assessment (HRA) system. Critical operations on board ships require full awareness of operational risks by the crew, as human error represents a major problem, and is a major cause of marine accidents at from 75 to 96% of all marine accidents, due to the different circumstances and times at which the crew perform their duties on board ships. Various factors such as; the rapid growth of technology, ergonomics, and social aspects may lead to or significantly contribute to potential human error. It is essential to be aware of the procedures and actions that require skill on the part of the human element. Because human error is the number one cause of accidents in marine. So. The role of the ship's crew over time requires not only the ability to make appropriate decisions but also the ability to solve problems. This study was based on a descriptive approach and discussed the human factors affecting the human element causing marine accidents and how to reduce marine accidents using the Human Performance Reliability Assessment (HRA) system.
Human performance reliability assessment
Environmental Study about Sirte Sabkhas Impact on The Surface Salinity at Western Coastal of Libya Using MODIS Satellite Techniques
In this study, MODIS sensor techniques were used because of their quality images, and their data is available for seven years (2015-2021) to surface salinity in the study area. It was discovered that Sirte Sabkhas contributed to the surface salinity of the Libyan western coast. Surface salinity degrees were more intense in the summer and spring seasons and less in the winter and autumn seasons due to the feeding of Sirte Sabkhas. The south, southeast, and southwest winds had an important role in Sirte Sabkhas's effect on surface salinity on the western coast. The differences between salinity values during study seasons are considered evidence of the Sabkhas' impact.
Extraction of Fish Oil and its Waste Oil by Modern Techniques and Study its Qualitative Characteristics: A Review
In this review, using modern technologies in fish and waste oil extraction was reviewed. The extraction of fish waste oils by Infrared, Ohmic heating, and Solar extraction were very modern methods, and characterized by lower energy consumption, environmentally friendly and higher efficiency. Fish or fish waste oils are extracted by conventional methods such as hydraulic pressure, heat extraction and solvent extraction. These methods have major disadvantages affecting product quality. So, eco-friendly methods have been found such as supercritical fluids extraction, enzymatic decomposition, ultrasonic extraction and microwave extraction. However, they are economically expensive. About of 25% of the total fish production is discarded as a by-product or waste, and these wastes cause environmental pollution, while these wastes can be used as a source of enzymes and fats. The oil content in fish wastes ranges between (1.4-40.1)%. Furthermore, consumption of fish in the world is approximately 2% of fat and oil. Fish oils are mainly used as food, the pharmaceutical, and agricultural industries directly and as food additives or supplements. About 25-30 million tons of fish are produced around the world and 10 million tons of fish oils are used for various purposes. Only 5% is used to extract omega-3 fatty acids, and the rest is used in the food industry. The most prominent benefits of marine oils are lowering blood pressure, lowering triglycerides, slowing the incidence of atherosclerosis, reducing the incidence of heart disorders, sudden death, stroke, reducing postpartum diseases and depression, improving memory, improving vision, reducing the risk of Alzheimer's and dementia, and reducing arthritis. Immune system enhancement. In this study, the possibility of utilizing fish and their wastes in obtaining purified oil and using them for human consumption was discussed as one of the sources of fat-soluble vitamins or can be used for animal consumption by adding them with feed or diets or can be used in industrial fields such as waxing, washing, materials, rubber and lubricants.
Effect of Workers’ Weight on Work Efficiency
The primary objective of the human factor is to optimize performance and ensure safety through physical work while mitigating the risk of musculoskeletal complaints and reducing energy expenditure. Lately, concerns have been raised that body capacities may not only contribute to an increased risk of musculoskeletal disorders but also to increased energy which leads to a decrease in work efficiency. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the impact of body weight on work efficiency, specifically in terms of activity energy expenditure (AEE). AEE amounts were conducted using the Actiheart device while subjects performed 12 coordinated trunks, shoulder, and leg postures during a drilling task. Statistical analyses, including independent samples t-test and mean differences, were employed to examine the effects of subject weight on AEE. The findings revealed a negative correlation between AEE and subject weight (free fat), with an R-squared value of 0.62. This indicates that as subject weight increases, AEE decreases. Interestingly, individuals with higher body weight (free fat) expended less AEE, suggesting a potentially more efficient use of energy during the task.
Stages of Sexual Maturation in Scomber japonicus (Houttuyn, 1782) on The Libyan Western Coast: A Histological Study
About 142 fish specimens of Scomber japonicus (Houttuyn, 1782) were collected between the coast of Tripoli (east) and Zuwara (west), from May 2018 to April 2019, to study the stages of oogenetic and spermatogenetic development, by analyzing their histological sections. The results showed that the developmental status of these gonads is Asynchronous development type; It was found that both the ovaries and testes mature gradually so that these fish can lay eggs and sperm in the form of batches during the breeding season (June - October).