Journal of Marine Sciences and Environmental Technologies
The Journal of Marine Sciences and Environmental Technologies (JMSET) is an international scientific peer-reviewed journal, which is published semi-annually (June and December) by the Faculty of Marine Resources at Alasmarya Islamic University (AIU), Libya. It bears the International Standard Serial Number ISSN for the printed version (2413-5267) and for the electronic version (2706-9966), and it also bears the legal deposit number (402/2019) in the National Book House in Benghazi. It is concerned with publishing research in all fields of marine and environmental science and engineering.
Performance Evaluation Study of Cost and Time Benchmarks on Construction Projects Using the Earned Value Management Method. “Road Duplication Paving Project in Zliten, Libya-Case study”
Completing projects according to scheduled timelines and allocated budgets within implementation plans is a significant challenge facing engineering project management, including research and development projects, construction projects, and others. These challenges often stem from deficiencies in applying mechanisms for technical, temporal, and financial planning and monitoring. The Earned Value Management (EVM) methodology is considered a powerful and effective tool for addressing this deficiency by linking the actual progress of completed work with the time consumed and cost incurred, and comparing them to the project's planned baseline. This paper aims to highlight the critical importance of adopting the EVM method for monitoring the execution of construction projects and adopting it as a standard for evaluating cost and time performance. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the key concepts and indicators in EVM, including Values of Planned, Earned, and Actual, Cost Variance (CV), Schedule Variance (SV) as well as performance indices (CPI, SPI) which reached 0.76 and 0.90 respectively, and forecasting indicator (EAC) which is 6.44 M Libyan dinar “increase by 31.8%”. The paper also analyzes the implications of these indicators in different project performance scenarios, emphasizing the role of EVM in enhancing transparency, identifying deviations early, and guiding corrective decisions to ensure the successful completion of projects. The scientific value of this study lies in the fact that it presents a rare case study in the context of infrastructure projects in Libya.
Cost and Schedule Performance Indicators
Copyright (c) 2026 MUSTAFA SOFIA, Mustafa Hakoumah , Atiya N. Njea https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Morphological study of two species of brown algae ( Cystoseira compressa , Dictyopteris membranacea ) collected from al-sabri coast, Benghazi
Benghazi is located in the northeastern part of Libya, overlooking the Mediterranean coast. It has a coastline rich in marine algae, extending approximately 18 km in length. This study was conducted on the Al-Sabri coast in Benghazi during June and July 2024, to collect and identify the brown algae Cystoseira compressa and the brown alga Dictyopteris membranacea. Both species were identified through a morphological study.
Copyright (c) 2026 نادين أزرقة, نيروز قرقوم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Assessment of Hematological and Biochemical Indicators in Relation to Thyroid Function in Hemodialysis Patients in Al Khums City, Libya
Abstract Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global health problem often accompanied by disturbances in calcium–phosphorus balance and dysregulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Secondary hyperparathyroidism is common in hemodialysis patients, contributing to bone disorders and vascular calcifications. This case–control study, conducted at Al Khums Kidney Hospital, Libya (July–December 2024), included 150 participants: 100 hemodialysis patients (50 males, 50 females) and 50 healthy controls (25 males, 25 females). Hematological parameters (HGB, RBC) and biochemical indicators (Urea, Creatinine, TSH, T3, T4) were measured using standard laboratory methods. Patients showed significantly higher Creatinine (9.55 ± 2.55mg/dL), Urea (148.88 ± 34.61mg/dL) and TSH (3.56 ± 0.62 μIU/mL), and lower T3 (0.96 ± 0.19 ng/ml), T4(6.56 ± 0.62 μg/dl) and HGB (10.92 ± 1.87 g/dL) compared to controls. Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant negative associations between Urea and T3, Creatinine and T3, as well as between HGB and both Urea and Creatinine. In contrast, significant positive associations were observed between Urea and Creatinine, RBC and T3, and Urea and TSH. These findings underscore the importance of regular monitoring of thyroid function and hematological parameters in hemodialysis patients to mitigate potential complications. Keywords: Biochemical indicators, Chronic Kidney Disease, Hematological parameters, Hemodialysis, Thyroid Hormones.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amnnah A. Ihreebish, Younis Muftah Al-Zaidi, Fadia A. Abdulsadiq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
First Successful Hormonal Induced Spawning of European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in the Private Aquaculture Sector in Libya
This study documents the first successful hormonal-induced spawning of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in a private commercial hatchery in Libya. Wild broodstock (12 females, 9 males) collected from Farwa Lagoon were conditioned for three months under controlled photoperiod (12 L:12 D → 9 L:15 D) and stepped-down temperature (21 → 14 °C, ≈ 1638 DD). A single intramuscular injection of Lh-RHa (10 µg kg⁻¹) induced ovulation in all females within 72 h. Egg production averaged 16.3% of female body weight (4000 g total). Morphological indices (mean diameter 1000 µm) met established quality thresholds. Despite a female-biased sex ratio (1.3:1), hatching rate reached 50%, already surpassing the 30% typically recorded for imported eggs after transport. Economic analysis indicates a 61% reduction in seed cost (€0.10 vs €0.26 per viable fry). Results demonstrate that locally adapted protocols using wild broodstock can reliably supply high-quality seabass seed, offering a replicable model in Libyan hatcheries and reducing dependence on imported fry.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdalla Elmgawshi, Sara Almabruk, Mohamed Saadallah, Mohamed Araibi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Mixed Matrix Membranes-Derived from High-Density Polyethylene and Mesembryanthemum Crystallinum for Separation of Methylene Blue Dye from Aqueous Solutions
The membrane technology has been found to play a significant role in water purification applications such as wastewater treatment and brackish water desalination. Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) are a new type of promising membranes that derived from polymer matrixes and nanomaterials. The goal of this study is to develop a new type of MMMs from dispersion of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (MC) in a polymeric matrix of high density polyethylene (HDPE). Three MMMs were fabricated, which classified according to the wt% MC content as HDPE-SC/MC-0, HDPE-SC/MC-1, and HDPE-SC/MC-2. The MMMs characteristics such as hydrophilicity, porosity, permeability, pure water flux have been studied. The performance of the obtained MMMs for rejection of methylene blue dye (MBD) also has been investigated. The results indicated that the addition of 2 wt% of MC in membrane enhanced the rejection efficiency of the neat HDPE membrane for MBD from 42 to 60 %.
Copyright (c) 2025 Almahdi A. Alhwaige, Ali N. Al-Drogi, Muammer B. Yahiya, Wael K. Elhrari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The environmental impact of poor waste management at the Al Bayda City landfill on neighboring residential areas: A case study
Al-Bayda city in Libya is facing escalating environmental challenges due to the continuous accumulation of various types of waste, which significantly increases the risk of contaminating vital water sources and poses serious threats to both the environment and public health. The widespread practice of open-air waste burning has further exacerbated health risks for humans, animals, and birds alike. This study examines the environmental repercussions of inadequate planning and mismanagement at the Al-Bayda landfill, with a particular focus on the potential of recycling as a sustainable alternative to open burning. Adopting a case study methodology supported by field observation and document analysis, the research findings suggest that promoting recycling and integrating it into the local economy can serve as an effective environmental solution, contributing to ecosystem protection and enhancing national economic output through strengthened agricultural and livestock sectors. The paper recommends implementing a comprehensive and sustainable waste management strategy that eliminates open burning and expands recycling initiatives, aiming to strike a balance between environmental preservation and economic development.
Waste, recycling, incineration, water, output.
Copyright (c) 2025 محمد مختار خنفور, إبراهيم عبد العزيز كرشمان, سلطان على الطويني https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analysis of Ship Stability Using Longitudinal and Transverse Equilibrium Equations: A Practical Application on the Libyan Vessel ''ANWAAR AFRQYA''
Load distribution within ships, particularly oil tankers, is a fundamental factor that directly impacts their stability and navigational safety, especially in light of the ongoing changes in shipping patterns and modern marine designs. Despite the existence of general regulatory standards, maritime accidents still indicate gaps in understanding the precise relationship between longitudinal and transverse mass distribution and its impact on the dynamic and static stability of ships. Based on this problem, this study aimed to: analyze the stability of marine vessels by applying mathematical modeling of longitudinal and transverse equilibrium equations, using the Libyan oil tanker ANWAAR AFRQYA as a real-world case study. The metacentric height (GM) and the righting arm (GZ) are key indicators used to assess a ship's ability to resist heeling and capsizing under various maritime forces. Based on the vessel's actual specifications, the submerged volume and transverse moment of inertia were estimated to calculate the metacentric radius and GM under different loading conditions. The results showed that a ship is unstable when the center of gravity is significantly higher than the center of buoyancy. The center of gravity is higher than the metacenter (M) , and the GM value becomes negative, indicating a tendency to capsize, Which increases the possibility of a rollover, especially at angles of inclination exceeding 15°. When the center of gravity was lowered to more appropriate levels, the stability improved significantly, with GZ values remaining within safe limits. This study highlights the importance of load distribution and dynamic ballast systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 حمزة مفتاح رجب, بالقاسم محمد الأعوج, عبدالسلام رمضان دلف https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Antibiotic resistance in bacterial isolates from freshwater and sea water samples in Zliten, Libya
Water is the most favorable surrounding for various life forms to grow. The aquatic environments are recognized reservoirs of the broad spectrum of antibiotic resistance bacteria, including pathogenic ones, which have the potential to spread antibiotic resistance to different environments and pose risks to public and environmental health. This work estimated resistance of sixth identified bacterial isolates from sea and fresh water in Zliten, Libya to frequently prescribed five antibiotics. It was observed that the first sequence LC532105 from wadi kaam water shows similarity with Citrobacter freundii strain NCTC9750,Second sequence LC532106 shows similarity with Bacillus pumilus strain ATCC 7061, Third sequence LC532107 shows similarity with Bacillus megaterium strain ATCC 14581 , Fourth sequence from sea water shows similarity with Citrobacter freundii strain NCTC9750,fifth sequence shows similarity with Proteus vulgaris strain ATCC 29905 while last sequence shows similarity with Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain DSM 50071. First and fourth type strain (Citrobacter freundii) is not toxic and second, third, fifth and sixth types were toxic especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All bacterial isolates from both sampling sites showed resistance against cefotaxime. A continuous analysis for physicochemical and antibiotic resistance profile of bacterial isolates of surface water are frequently required.
Copyright (c) 2025 Soad Adbarzi, Mansor M. Alholi, Alkasm H. Shukshuk, Ali Almashgab, Hanan O.M. Altunsi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Study of some Biological characteristics of the Dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) in the western Libyan coast
This study presents the first report on the bbiological characteristics of the Dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758) in the Libyan coast. Samples were collected from Fishing ports in the western Libyan coast, during the period from August to November (2021). The total length and weight ranged from 28 to 85cm (mean 48.98 cm), and 141.6 to 3654 (mean 838.62 g) respectively. The growth in the relationship of height and weight was homogeneous isometric (W = 0.0081L3.02), and the strength of the correlation between height and weight was strong (R2 = 0.98). As for the highest value of the gonad somatic index (GSI), it was in October (0.28), and the monthly average of the condition factor (CF) for the three months August, September and October, respectively (0.84, 0.92, 0.88), and the sex ratio of males to females was (1: 2), and by examining the stages Sexual maturity the spawning period is between September and October.
Copyright (c) 2025 Najla Mohamed Abushaala, Mohamed El hashmi El sharef, Ahmed Abdu Salam Alneffati, Eman Mohamed Abogres https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Study of The Reality of Solid Waste Management in Zintan City
The study focuses on the most critical contemporary environmental problem, namely solid waste management, which most cities and countries in the world suffer from. Rapid population and economic growth rates witnessed by the city of Zintan in the last decade, which led to an increase in waste production rates and thus increased pollution rates, as the city’s population reached about 70 thousand people, and the per capita waste product was approximately 0.5 kg/day, with total amount of production 21,718 tons annually. The waste is currently treated randomly by throwing waste into the final landfill, and the process of landfilling and burying the waste rarely takes place. The solid waste management system suffers from a set of problems related to collection and transportation, as there is no keeping up and development between population growth and urban expansion in the city and the level of waste collection and disposal services. In addition to the problems of not having a database for the waste management process, the obvious shortage in the number of workers, waste collection machinery and equipment, and the lack of a plan or strategy for waste management in the city, so there was a need to have a comprehensive waste management database in Zintan, to reach an integrated management system for waste of all kinds, including the development of current methods, ways and technologies for collecting and transporting waste, finding waste treatment facilities, and developing mechanisms for its final disposal, and developing proper engineering and environmental solutions to address issues related to waste of all kinds, household and medical, demolition and construction waste, slaughterhouse waste, butchers' waste ... etc. With the development of municipal management of solid waste according to the most effective international environmental sustainability standards, and the development of standards that suit the city of Zintan, this study was prepared according to several tasks as followed: Collecting and analyzing information, data and holding workshops with the relevant authorities, represented by the Cleaning Services Center and the Environmental Sanitation Affairs Department in the municipality. Assess the current situation and identify issues related to the waste. Conducting detailed studies on the proportions, types, and classification of waste components. Conducting measurements about the individual product of solid waste, where the process of measuring the individual product of solid waste was carried out by selecting a group of random houses in different areas within the city. Identify strengths, weaknesses and develop appropriate solutions. Finally, develop appropriate recommendations that reflect the future vision and strategic goals for waste management with appropriate and sustainable standards.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Marine Sciences and Environmental Technologies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efficiency Analysis of the Third Unit in Al-Khoums Steam Power Plant, Libya
The thermal and overall efficiency of the third unit in the Al-Khoums steam power plant were investigated in this paper. Two samples of data have been used: the first was collected from the start-up data sheet of the power plant with a load of 120 MWH, and the second was collected in June 2023 with a load of 96 MWH. This study reveals that the thermal efficiency of the unit decreased by 9.4% (from 40.4% to 36.6%) due to the life of the plant and the stoppage of extraction lines, and the overall efficiency decreased by 8.7% (from 36.7% to 33.5%). Moreover, heat rejected by the condenser increased in the second sample by 44 kJ/kg. Steam cycles for both study samples were presented by T-S diagrams using Engineering Equation Solver software (EES), and it was clear from those diagrams that the efficiency of the high-pressure turbine in the first sample is higher than the second one.
Determine the Optimal Cutting Conditions in Longitudinal Turning Operations over the Life of the Cutting Tool to Achieve the Best Production Rate and Lowest Cost
In this manuscript, the effect of cutting conditions (cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut) on the life of the cutting tool was studied in longitudinal turning operations for a sample of medium carbon iron (C35) with a length of 1200 mm and a diameter of 100 mm using a traditional turning machine and a carbide cutting tool. (P10). The experiments were designed based on three levels of cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut using the Taguchi method to reduce the number of experiments, and the (minetab16) program was used to achieve this. The level of importance of cutting conditions on the life of the cutting tool was determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA). In this study, the level of importance of cutting conditions on the life of the cutting tool was determined. Determine the optimal cutting conditions according to economic and production criteria such as the minimum total cost and the maximum production rate. The results showed that an increase in cutting speed leads to a decrease in tool life, as well as an increase in the feed rate and depth of cut. From the analysis table (ANOVA) it is clear that the cutting speed factor is the most It had an impact on the life of the cutting tool by 91.9%, followed by the feed rate by 6%, while the effect of depth of cut had the least impact on the life of the cutting tool by 1.2%. The cost and production rate, represented by the number of parts manufactured for each cutting tool, were also estimated in the practical experiments that were conducted. In light of this estimate, the optimal cutting conditions were chosen to obtain the best cutting tool life productively and economically. The results showed that the optimal cutting conditions were obtained to improve the cutting tool life in the turning process at a cutting speed of 46 m/min, feed rate of 0.1 mm/roll, and a cutting depth of 3 mm.
Measuring Blocked Force Using beams and Gear Box Testing System Based on Vibration Signal
The Blocked Force Method has been stated in this study. A discussion of some promising benefits of using this method in the context of condition monitoring (CM) for rotating machinery also has been described. The Blocked Force Method is an inverse method where measured vibration signals are sent back to a position nearer to the source of vibration utilizing pre-measured frequency response functions (FRFs). The blocked force is obtained as a result of the inverse calculation, which can be measured only indirectly. This procedure can lead to two important benefits for CM applications. Firstly, the blocked forces are exact to a particular source, while vibration signals in machine casings comprise excitation effects from all active components. Therefore, by re-deploying the signals back to blocked forces, it is probable to spread out the signals from different components. Traditional techniques of signal processing can be applied with a cleaner signal as an initial point. Secondly, based on specific assumptions, blocked forces are an inherent property of the vibration source. This means that they can provide valuable insight into the source of vibration and help identify potential faults or abnormalities. Overall, the Blocked Force Method offers a powerful approach to condition monitoring by extracting blocked forces and utilizing them for analysis and fault detection.
Application of Modeling to Human Reliability Assessment (HRA) and Error Analysis Method in Marine Systems
The main objective of this research is to reduce human error in the workplace environment, especially during critical shipboard operations using a Human Reliability Assessment (HRA) system. Critical operations on board ships require full awareness of operational risks by the crew, as human error represents a major problem, and is a major cause of marine accidents at from 75 to 96% of all marine accidents, due to the different circumstances and times at which the crew perform their duties on board ships. Various factors such as; the rapid growth of technology, ergonomics, and social aspects may lead to or significantly contribute to potential human error. It is essential to be aware of the procedures and actions that require skill on the part of the human element. Because human error is the number one cause of accidents in marine. So. The role of the ship's crew over time requires not only the ability to make appropriate decisions but also the ability to solve problems. This study was based on a descriptive approach and discussed the human factors affecting the human element causing marine accidents and how to reduce marine accidents using the Human Performance Reliability Assessment (HRA) system.
Human performance reliability assessment
Environmental Study about Sirte Sabkhas Impact on The Surface Salinity at Western Coastal of Libya Using MODIS Satellite Techniques
In this study, MODIS sensor techniques were used because of their quality images, and their data is available for seven years (2015-2021) to surface salinity in the study area. It was discovered that Sirte Sabkhas contributed to the surface salinity of the Libyan western coast. Surface salinity degrees were more intense in the summer and spring seasons and less in the winter and autumn seasons due to the feeding of Sirte Sabkhas. The south, southeast, and southwest winds had an important role in Sirte Sabkhas's effect on surface salinity on the western coast. The differences between salinity values during study seasons are considered evidence of the Sabkhas' impact.
Extraction of Fish Oil and its Waste Oil by Modern Techniques and Study its Qualitative Characteristics: A Review
In this review, using modern technologies in fish and waste oil extraction was reviewed. The extraction of fish waste oils by Infrared, Ohmic heating, and Solar extraction were very modern methods, and characterized by lower energy consumption, environmentally friendly and higher efficiency. Fish or fish waste oils are extracted by conventional methods such as hydraulic pressure, heat extraction and solvent extraction. These methods have major disadvantages affecting product quality. So, eco-friendly methods have been found such as supercritical fluids extraction, enzymatic decomposition, ultrasonic extraction and microwave extraction. However, they are economically expensive. About of 25% of the total fish production is discarded as a by-product or waste, and these wastes cause environmental pollution, while these wastes can be used as a source of enzymes and fats. The oil content in fish wastes ranges between (1.4-40.1)%. Furthermore, consumption of fish in the world is approximately 2% of fat and oil. Fish oils are mainly used as food, the pharmaceutical, and agricultural industries directly and as food additives or supplements. About 25-30 million tons of fish are produced around the world and 10 million tons of fish oils are used for various purposes. Only 5% is used to extract omega-3 fatty acids, and the rest is used in the food industry. The most prominent benefits of marine oils are lowering blood pressure, lowering triglycerides, slowing the incidence of atherosclerosis, reducing the incidence of heart disorders, sudden death, stroke, reducing postpartum diseases and depression, improving memory, improving vision, reducing the risk of Alzheimer's and dementia, and reducing arthritis. Immune system enhancement. In this study, the possibility of utilizing fish and their wastes in obtaining purified oil and using them for human consumption was discussed as one of the sources of fat-soluble vitamins or can be used for animal consumption by adding them with feed or diets or can be used in industrial fields such as waxing, washing, materials, rubber and lubricants.
Effect of Workers’ Weight on Work Efficiency
The primary objective of the human factor is to optimize performance and ensure safety through physical work while mitigating the risk of musculoskeletal complaints and reducing energy expenditure. Lately, concerns have been raised that body capacities may not only contribute to an increased risk of musculoskeletal disorders but also to increased energy which leads to a decrease in work efficiency. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the impact of body weight on work efficiency, specifically in terms of activity energy expenditure (AEE). AEE amounts were conducted using the Actiheart device while subjects performed 12 coordinated trunks, shoulder, and leg postures during a drilling task. Statistical analyses, including independent samples t-test and mean differences, were employed to examine the effects of subject weight on AEE. The findings revealed a negative correlation between AEE and subject weight (free fat), with an R-squared value of 0.62. This indicates that as subject weight increases, AEE decreases. Interestingly, individuals with higher body weight (free fat) expended less AEE, suggesting a potentially more efficient use of energy during the task.
Stages of Sexual Maturation in Scomber japonicus (Houttuyn, 1782) on The Libyan Western Coast: A Histological Study
About 142 fish specimens of Scomber japonicus (Houttuyn, 1782) were collected between the coast of Tripoli (east) and Zuwara (west), from May 2018 to April 2019, to study the stages of oogenetic and spermatogenetic development, by analyzing their histological sections. The results showed that the developmental status of these gonads is Asynchronous development type; It was found that both the ovaries and testes mature gradually so that these fish can lay eggs and sperm in the form of batches during the breeding season (June - October).
Effects of plant essential oil used as feed supplements in aquaculture on immune response, and antioxidant status of finfish: A review
To meet the needs of the world's population for protein, aquaculture production is rising daily. Aquatic animals, on the other hand, are vulnerable to a variety of farming stresses that result in poor development performance, decreased output, and, eventually, high mortality rates. Antibiotics and chemotherapies are still widely used in some areas to manage biotic stresses. Aside from the obvious advantages, continuous antibiotic use promotes bacterial resistance, degrades bacterial populations, and accumulates these chemicals in the aquatic environment. To avoid the direct and indirect effects on aquatic ecology and human health, environmentally friendly were utilized instead. Among these feed additives, plant essential oils get attention. Since essential oils contain several bioactive components with potent antibacterial, antioxidative, and immunostimulant properties, in aquatic animals. In this article, we examined recent research on the use of plant essential oils as feed additives for several species of mostly commercial fish species. According to the available researches, we deduced that plant essential oils may be applied to aquaculture. The findings demonstrated that herbal essential oils are intriguing alternatives to antibiotics, with significant effects on antioxidative, and immunostimulant responses. We believe that plant essential oils can have synergistic effects, and future research should explore this idea.
Estimating The Amount of Total Dissolved Salts and Electrical Conductivity in The Water Produced from Well Water Desalination Plants Located within The Municipality of Tajoura
Tajoura represents an example of the hardship that the people suffer in order to obtain safe drinking water. Commercial desalinated bottled drinking water shops have been spread intensely in recent years as one of the alternative solutions for the shortage of drinking water in the city of Tajoura. The source of this sold water may be a small desalination plant, works with reverse osmosis technology (RO), located inside the shop itself or transported in tanks from relatively large desalination plants that produce and sell desalinated water as a kind of commercial activity. This study seeks to study some of chemical properties of water produced from well water desalination plants located within the municipality of Tajoura, and its contribution to the provision of potable water within the municipality. Through repeated field visits to these stations, a number of samples of produced water have been collected, and the amount of total dissolved salts has been measured, as well as conductivity and PH at similar temperatures, using a device measuring conductivity and total dissolved salts. By getting three readings from each station, the average readings for each station can be calculated and this average used in calculating the general average for these samples, as the general average of the total amount of dissolved salts in all samples was (49.60) ppm, and this amount is considered very low. Water with low total dissolved solids may has a negative impact on the health of citizens. The general average of the conductivity was in the range of (91.71) microsimens/cm, while the general average of the PH was in the range of (6.37). It is recommended that the responsible authorities take actions regarding monitoring and evaluating the operating conditions of the local brackish water desalination plants, because of the quality of this water directly affects the health of citizens. The researchers also recommend the need to conduct other studies on this subject that are comprehensive for all the physical, chemical and biological properties of the water produced from these stations, depending on the sites that were identified in this study.
Assessment of Air pollution in Benghazi City during February and March periods using Airvisual Outdoor Monitor
Particulate matter is a major indicator of the level of air pollution. The ratio of fine and coarse particles and particle type determine the ability of atmospheric processes and affect human health. The aim of this work is to assess the spatiotemporal variation of particulates (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10) during the monitoring period from February 2023 to March 2023 and to assess the correlations between pollutants and the impact of meteorological factors. The results showed the main average air quality index (AQI) in the February period was about 138 μg/m3, which reflected the air quality is unhealthy for sensitive groups, while the main average AQI in the March period was about 89 μg/m3, which reflected the air quality is moderate. Based on PM2.5/PM10 ratios in February the mixed particles and anthropogenic source are more common in the atmosphere and PM2.5/ PM10 ratios in March period the mixed particles and natural sources are more common in the atmosphere in Benghazi city. The February period has more pollutants than the March period due to more than type of pollution. The bivariate polar plots of temperature AQI, PM1/PM2.5, and PM2.5/PM10 were negatively correlated with temperature while positively correlated with wind speed. SE directions of wind have a major impact on increasing PM and natural pollution type concentrations in Benghazi city.
Use of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) as a Non Thermal Technique in Treatment and Preservation of Food: A Review Study
Thermal methods generally dominate the food industry and processing. However, such transactions may lead to many changes in the sensory and functional properties of foods. Many non-thermal technologies have emerged during the past years due to the increasing demand by consumers in the processing of safe and high-quality foods. Among these technologies is the pulsed electric field technology. Pulsed electric field (PEF) is one of the most promising thermogenic methods that ensure the preservation of the nutritional properties of food. PEF works to inhibit microorganisms and enzymes present in foods and their products with minimal changes in their physical, organoleptic, and functional properties. Therefore, it can be said that PEF is a promising alternative option for heat treatments in the treatment and preservation of various food products, primarily liquid foods. This came from the reference study aimed at summarizing the basic principles of the action of pulsed electric fields and their role in improving the functional properties of foods as well as their inhibitory effect on enzymes and microorganisms.
Assessment of Potassium Bromate Content in Flour and Some Food Products in Ubari City, Southern Libya
Over the years, the nature of potassium bromate has been determined as a dangerous adulteration in foodstuffs, so this study aimed to assess the presence of potassium bromate in flour and some food products made from it (baked and pastries) and some other ingredients in the city of Ubari, southern Libya during the year 2022. The results of the qualitative analysis showed potassium bromate in 85% of the samples studied, where the colors appeared from violet to dark blue, while the other 15% of samples (sugar, salt, and yeasts) gave negative results for the appearance of green, pink, and white. The results of the quantitative analysis also confirmed that the flour, baked, and pastries contained high concentrations of bromate, with an average of 122.4228±3.356, 75.8654±1.853, and 106.3108±1.082 µg/g, respectively. The highest concentrations were found in the flour samples of barley flour 321.212 µg/g and the lowest in semolina 13.75 μg/g. In addition, in baked, the highest was in brioche samples at 193 μg/g and the lowest in homemade bread was 7.531 μg/g. As for pastries, the highest concentrations were found in pasta 156.624 μg/g and lowest in Indomie 39.250 μg/g. The carcinogenic effect of bromate potassium is cumulative, and at this rate, continued consumption of these products can lead to malignant growth over time. Therefore, this study recommends working to prevent or reduce the use of potassium bromate in food products, and to search for alternative sources of this improver.
Effect of the Manufactured Bacterial Preparation on the Productive Traits of Broiler Chickens
This experiment was conducted in the poultry field of the Department of Animal Production at the College of Agriculture at Basrah University for the period from 25/3/2021 to 28/4/2021, in which 450 naturalized broiler chicks (females) and Ross 308 strain were used at the age of one day and an average of Weighing 43 g/chick, the homogenized chicks were randomly distributed to ten experimental treatments, 45 chicks for each treatment, and one treatment included three replicates (15 chicks/duplicate), where the treatments included, T1: Negative control treatment, (a basal diet without addition). T2: Positive control treatment, adding dried skim milk at a level of (1 g/L drinking water). T3, T4, T5: adding the Manufactured Bacterial Preparation (0.5, 1, 2 g/kg feed) respectively, T6, T7, T8: adding the Manufactured Bacterial Preparation (0.5, 1, 2 g/L drinking water) respectively, T9: adding the Manufactured Bacterial Preparation at a level of (0.5 g/kg feed) and (0.5 g/L drinking water) T10: adding the Manufactured Bacterial Preparation at a level (1 g/kg feed) and (1 g/L drinking water). The results of the experiment showed a significant improvement (P≤0.05) in the average live body weight, weight gain, feed conversion factor, productivity index scale, and the measure of economic efficiency of the diet in favor of the treatments of the manufactured bacterial preparation (T5, T7, T8, T10); and T7 treatment with the addition (1 g/L in drinking water) gave the best results. Also, it contributed to reducing the production cost of one kilogram by 429.51 Iraqi dinars per kilogram of live weight, based on which it was determined the optimal utilization limits (ideal dose) Based on the results obtained.
Effect of Adding Red Ceramic Dust on the Specifications of Clinker for Portland Cement
In this present paper, and since paying great attention to the environment, this study investigates the possibility of red ceramic pickings recycling and blending at (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8) % by weight with Cement Clinker, and results of some tests such as initial and final setting time tests, compressive strength test, expansion test have been shown. The final results proved that blending 0.2% by weight was most appreciable as fitted with the Libyan standard specifications.
Study of Some Physical & Chemical Properties of Drinking Water in Some Educational Institutions in Souq Althulatha Area, Zliten
Drinking water is one of the most natural materials consumed by individuals. Its pollution creates a real danger to the health of those who consume it. The number of students in the 40 basic and intermediate education institutions in Souq Althulatha area in Zliten is around 14,000 students during the 2021-2022 school year, most of whom use school reservoirs for drinking. So, this study aimed to identify some of the physical and chemical properties of drinking water in the targeted schools, where samples were collected from water reservoirs for 30 schools in the area, and some chemical and physical tests were conducted in the Faculty of Education laboratories at Alasmarya Islamic University and Environmental Sanitation Affairs Department in Zliten, in a time not exceeding a week from the collection process, and were analyzed in a period not exceeding 6 months. The obtained results of the tests showed that the drinking water of the targeted schools conforms to the Libyan standard specifications with an increase in some components in a limited number of school reservoirs.
Effect of Foliar Spraying with Some Commercial Bio-Stimulants on Physiological Responses of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)
This study was undertaken to determine the effects of two bio-stimulants (Humic Power and Amino 24) on the growth and nutrient contents in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) cv. Master F1 was grown under greenhouse conditions using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Different levels of Humic Power were applied (control, 3 mL/L, and 5 mL/L) and Different levels of Amino 24 (control, 1 mL/L, and 2 mL/L) were sprayed on the foliar every 15 days throughout the study period. The highest vegetative growth was obtained with eggplant supplemented with foliar Humic Power (HP.2) with Amino 24 (AM.2), followed by plants treated with Humic Power (HP.1) with Amino 24 (AM.2) compared to untreated plants. There was a significant interaction between the bio-stimulants (Humic Power and Amino 24) for the content of macroelements in eggplant plants, except for the potassium content, where the difference was non-significant. On the other hand, the highest content of macro elements (NPK) was obtained at Humic Power (HP.2) and Amino 24 (AM.2), respectively as compared to the control.
Groundwater Contamination by Petroleum Hydrocarbons Due to Leakages of Fuel Stations Tanks in Fezzan Region, Libya
This research was conducted to study the petroleum hydrocarbon pollution of groundwater in wells nearby fuel stations due to leakages from their tanks in Fezzan region, southern Libya. The results showed that the petroleum hydrocarbon levels in well water samples in the area ranged between 0–127.4 mg/l. Data revealed that some wells were not contaminated such as the wells located eastern, southern & western of Tamazawa-Alshatti station, the wells southern & western of Murzuq station, eastern of Tessawa-Murzuq station, northern & southern of Bent Bayya-Wadi Alajal station and northern & southern Germa- Wadi Alajal fuel station. Other wells were below the allowable concentrations (34 mg/l), where 5 & 29 mg/l were recorded south and southern east El-Speatat-Murzuq fuel station, respectively. Within the wells that exceeded the lowest limits were a well eastern El-Speatat (35 mg/l) and a well western of Hagara-Sebha (99.6 mg/l) fuel station. Other wells were considered as heavily polluted sites, i.e., the well in northern east Hagara fuel station (118.8 mg/l) and the most contaminated well located east of Godua-Sebha fuel station (127.4 mg/l). For the levels of hydrocarbons in the fuel stations' wastewater, data showed that their values ranged between 20–254 mg/l. The highest concentration was recorded in Garagra-Wadi Alajal station and the lowest was in Alabyad-Wadi Alajal fuel station. The number of carbons distribution results among the wells showed that Garagra fuel station contains (C14-C19) which represents diesel and oils. In Hagara, kerosene, diesel, oils, and grease were found (C15-C25). Kerosene (C12-C15) is mostly found in El-Speatat, while the highest mixture recorded was in Tamazawa, i.e., diesel, Kerosene, oils, grease & wax (C13-C26).
Copyright (c) 2015 Journal of Marine Sciences and Environmental Technologies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
eneration of Electrical Power Using Thermal Energy of Sea Water Off the Libyan Shores
Transformation of thermal energy of ocean/sea into power, a procedure referred to as OTEC or on the other hand STEC, utilizes the regular temperature contrast between the upper water layers’ temperature and close sea bed layers’ temperature to work through a thermodynamic cycle. This paper displays a study on a conceivable use of Mediterranean waters off the shores of Zliten city in northwest Libya utilizing this innovation. This study concerns to design and simulation of a thermodynamic cycle operating at steady-state conditions based on actual climatic data by using Aspen-Hysysv7.3. Results indicated that a closed loop thermodynamic cycle can offer a potential source of renewable energy, and the resulting design data of heat engines used to transform thermal energy into electricity is a feasible, and efficient approach to generate about 25 MW of electrical power at negligible ecological risks.
Evaluate Antimicrobial Agents to Treatment of Urine Tract Infection Caused by E. coli and ESBL-Producing E. coli.
Escherichia coli is the most common pathogen of bacterial infections worldwide. As many as 80% of urinary tract infections are caused by E. coli. Infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)–producing gram-negative bacteria are occurring more frequently in hospitalized patients. These organisms can cause a variety of infections including, but not limited to, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and bacteremia. Carbapenems are considered the drugs of choice for ESBL-producing bacteria. Retrospective study of patients with ESBL-producing E. coli. were taken retrospectively from Phoenix 100. The result shows that the percentage of ESBL-produced E. coli was 27.5% from total E. coli isolation. None of the 59 isolates (E. coli with no resistant marker and ESBL-producing E. coli) show resistance to ertapenem, meropenem, or promising made them promising as a therapy for ESBL-producing E. coli. The result shows also a high rate of resistance to quinolons (Ciprofloxacine, Cephalothin, Cefrazidime, Levofoxacin) in ESBL-producing E. coli with a resistance rate of >60% (Table1), must be ruled out as a therapy option for the treatment of UTIs caused by ESBL- producing organisms.