Journal of the Academic Forum is a peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary scientific journal published semiannually. It has ISSN 2710-4478, DOI Prefix: 10.59743, and an Arab Impact Factor of 1.21. It is issued by the Syndicate of Faculty Members at Alasmarya Islamic University. The Journal of the Academic Forum follows an open-access policy. All content is freely accessible and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction, provided the original work is properly cited. In support of open science. The journal is indexed in Google Scholar and other academic databases. All articles are assigned Digital Object Identifiers (DOI) through CrossRef, ensuring reliable citation and long-term digital preservation. Submissions are accepted in both Arabic and English and undergo a rigorous double-blind peer-review process to maintain scholarly quality and integrity. The journal provides a platform for scholars, researchers, and practitioners to present their work in the following fields: Humanities Investigates human culture, philosophy, literature, linguistics, and history, with a focus on interpreting the human experience. Social Sciences Covers research in sociology, psychology, political science, anthropology, communication studies, and related disciplines. Natural Sciences Encompasses fundamental and applied studies in physics, chemistry, biology, environmental science, and earth sciences. Engineering and Technology Publishes research on innovations in engineering practices, information technology, applied sciences, and technological development. Medical and Health Sciences Focuses on medicine, public health, clinical research, pharmacology, and biomedical sciences. Education Includes studies on curriculum development, educational theory, teaching methodologies, and education policy. Law and Islamic Studies Examines legal frameworks, jurisprudence, comparative law, Sharia, and the role of Islamic studies in modern society. Economics and Administrative Sciences Involves research in economics, finance, business administration, public management, and development studies. Contact with the Journal Office of the Faculty Members' Union – Alasmarya Islamic University – Environment Street – Zliten – Libya Email: almontada@asmarya.edu.ly
Criminal Liability of Artificial Intelligence Technologies
Artificial intelligence is no longer just a subject of science fiction, but has become a reality imposed on us. It has gone through several developments to the extent that a new being has emerged (a robot) that has independence and evolves and builds upon itself. This study aims to present some of the current challenges regarding these technologies, especially since some countries do not recognize them as having legal personality, and that the current legal system is not yet fully adapted to the present time. In the near future, AI will be able to achieve a high degree of awareness and make decisions independently and accurately, which may lead to mistakes and criminal acts committed by these entities without human involvement. This has sparked debates in both traditional and modern jurisprudence concerning who should bear criminal responsibility in such cases — should it be the manufacturing company, the programmer, or the user (if the incident occurred while the system was in use)? And how should the legal system deal with it in terms of criminal liability? Can current legislation be adapted to address the unique characteristics of these technologies given their differences in material and moral intent? Is it time for legislation to address AI crimes and set appropriate penalties
Copyright (c) 2025 آمنة علي الهشيك https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Towards a Legal System for Civil Liability for the Errors of Artificial Intelligence Entities
Artificial intelligence has undoubtedly become a tangible reality in all aspects of life across the international community as a whole. However, it provides positive, accurate, rapid, and highly efficient solutions and assistance with unprecedented professionalism. Such solutions and assistance include self-driving cars, robots used in delicate surgical operations, smart prosthetic limbs that operate on signals emanating from the human brain, and robots for household chores and food preparation. This has led scientists, led by American computer scientist Ray Kurzweil, to predict a massive technological revolution in the use of artificial intelligence entities, which will increase 22-fold in the second half of this century. Furthermore, they predict that robots and all artificial intelligence systems will reach the level of emotional awareness. This may not be without error and may cause significant damage. Therefore, the injured party must be compensated. However, the question that arises is: Who is responsible for these errors and how should they be compensated? Given the involvement of many individuals, such as the manufacturer, programmer, owner, user, and others, can AI entities have legal personality Based on the above, it has become necessary for the researcher to draw the outlines of the roadmap through which the goal and outcome of this research paper, entitled “Towards a Legal System for the Person Civilly Responsible for the Mistakes of Artificial Intelligence Entities,” will be achieved through the following axes The nature of artificial intelligence and the rules of civil liability. - The uses of artificial intelligence, responsibility for its errors, and compensation for them in the present era. The future prospects for these errors and civil liability at the national and international levels.
Copyright (c) 2025 السيد جاب الله البنداري https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Psychological Challenges of Digital Transformation in the Educational Environment
This study aimed to identify the psychological challenges associated with digital transformation among employees of the faculties of Al-Asmaria Islamic University. It also sought to examine differences in these challenges according to demographic variables, including age, gender, academic qualification, years of experience, and type of faculty. In addition, the study investigated the impact of digital transformation on job satisfaction and occupational stress, as well as the extent to which digital skills contribute to mitigating these challenges. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical research design. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of 45 items distributed across nine dimensions, in addition to demographic information. The questionnaire was administered to a sample of 57 employees from various faculties of the university. The results indicated that the level of psychological challenges experienced by employees was moderate. Statistically significant differences were found with respect to certain variables, particularly age and digital skill level, while no significant differences were observed for other variables. The findings also revealed that job satisfaction was positively correlated with institutional support, digital security, and weak digital infrastructure. However, no statistically significant relationship was found between job satisfaction and either technological anxiety or occupational stress. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that enhancing digital skills and providing institutional support directly contribute to reducing the psychological challenges associated with digital transformation. Accordingly, the study recommended the implementation of regular training programs, the development of digital infrastructure, and the provision of psychological and technical support for employees to ensure a stable and positive work environment.
Copyright (c) 2026 نعيمة عمر بص https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Use of Budget Forecasts for Planning and Performance Evaluation in Industrial Companies
The study aims to explore the use of budget forecasts and performance evaluation of employees in industrial projects. The study adopted a descriptive approach to survey the opinions of the study population, which consisted of the Libda Cement Plant of the National Cement Joint Stock Company and the Al-Burj Cement Plant of the Arab Union Contracting Company, with 17 and 15 employees respectively. Due to the small size of the population, a comprehensive survey method was used, resulting in a sample size of 32 employees. The study reached several findings, the most important of which is the continuous commitment to systematically applying the principles of budget forecasting, ensuring the existence of an integrated framework that supports sound decision-making.
Copyright (c) 2026 محمود محمد الدالي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Healthcare Services Enhancing Based on Cloud Computing Frameworks
This review evaluates the effectiveness of cloud computing frameworks in enhancing healthcare service delivery, patient data management, telemedicine, healthcare analytics, cost-efficiency, and patient outcomes. A systematic analysis of empirical, case-based, and framework-oriented studies from multiple regions was conducted to clarify the practical impacts and implementation challenges associated with cloud adoption in the health sector. The findings indicate that cloud computing substantially improves data interoperability, accessibility, and clinical workflow efficiency, while AI-enabled capabilities further support personalized care and predictive analytics. Cloud-based telemedicine demonstrates strong scalability and expands access to care, particularly in underserved settings, despite ongoing infrastructural and regulatory constraints. Cost-effectiveness is reflected in reduced IT expenditures and operational gains, although initial deployment and security demands remain significant. Persistent concerns regarding data privacy, security, and regulatory compliance highlight the need for robust, multilayered protection strategies. Overall, the review underscores the transformative potential of cloud computing in healthcare and emphasizes the importance of addressing standardization, privacy, and scalability to ensure sustainable, secure, and equitable digital health ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2026 علي أحمد بركة https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Jurisprudential and Da'wah Rulings on Dealing With Illegal Immigrants
This study addresses the phenomenon of illegal migrants who move from their countries to other countries without adhering to the official procedures for entry or exit. The study focuses on clarifying the position of Islamic jurisprudence and the missionary responsibility in dealing with illegal migrants, especially in detention centers and prisons. The problem of the study lies in how to deal with illegal migrants in terms of their rights and human dignity as mentioned in the provisions of Islamic jurisprudence, and the importance of ensuring that those working with migrants adhere to the legal and missionary guidelines. The study concluded that Islamic jurisprudence in the early centuries did not address this type of migration. However, contemporary scholars have prohibited illegal migration because it leads to the destruction and harm of the soul, The study also concluded that the objectives of Islamic law are to protect the soul. Additionally, the provisions of Islamic jurisprudence obligate Muslims working among migrants to treat illegal migrants according to the teachings of Islam, which call for respecting the dignity of human beings, surrounding them with mercy and compassion, providing food, nourishment, and all basic necessities of life, and not depriving the migrant from practicing their religious rituals.
Copyright (c) 2026 محمد عبد الله الحارس ، هاشم حسن هاشم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tax Justice and its Feasibility Under Libyan Tax Law
under Libyan tax law. It focuses on the issue of tax justice and evaluates the extent to which it can be realized through Law No. 7 of 2010. The analysis of the data led to the following key findings: achieving tax justice is possible through the application of Law No. 7 of 2010. According to the researchers This study examines the topic of tax justice and the feasibility of achieving it, transparency in tax procedures contributes significantly to promoting tax justice. The law also helps establish a fair economic environment by ensuring the proper imposition of taxes and equitable distribution of tax burdens among individuals and companies. Furthermore, the existence of tax exemptions in the law supports the attainment of tax justice. Based on these findings, several recommendations were proposed. These include increasing taxpayers’ awareness, enacting legislation to protect socially vulnerable groups from heavy taxation, and expanding the number of tax brackets to correspond with taxpayers’ financial capacity. Additionally, efforts should be made to enhance tax justice in Libya through the work of a dedicated committee tasked with reviewing and amending the provisions of Law No. 7 of 2010.
Copyright (c) 2026 محمد مفتاح الطرلي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Challenges Facing Married Female Students in Completing Their University Studies
The study aimed to identify the most important social challenges facing married female students, and the extent to which economic challenges impact their university studies as married women. This was achieved by focusing on their problems and attempting to solve them. It also aimed to draw the attention of those in charge of university education to the nature of the problems faced by married female students and their causes, given that they are one of the important groups in society, and have many demands and burdens placed upon them. They often find themselves facing difficult demands and tests, on the one hand, what their husbands and children expect, and on the other hand, what they want to achieve, in order to be able to reconcile their academic life as a student with their life as a wife and mother. This constitutes an obstacle that hinders their social harmony and their family and psychological stability. The study was applied to a random, intentional sample that included (10) female students from each department in the classrooms, namely: (sociology, computer science, history, English, Arabic language), so that the total sample became (60) individuals. The study tool (questionnaire) was distributed to a group of married female students studying at the Al-Asmarya Islamic University in Zliten. The results showed that the percentage of married women was (95%), and that the percentage of (92.67%) of the sample did not feel pressure from their husbands to leave school, and did not face any tension at the university because of being married, at a rate of (86%). Also, joining the university contributed positively to raising children and their academic level, and then reflected on their family duties, at a rate of (79.33%). The sample percentages also indicated that they did not feel that marriage and study affected their ability to achieve their financial goals, and this is consistent with the answers of the sample of respondents in the social dimension. Rather, they see it as a contributing factor in raising children and helping them improve their family life, at a rate of (79%). Also, Their financial situation affects their ability to meet their study requirements (74.33%).
Copyright (c) 2026 صالح رجب أبوغفة، أزهار فرج بناصر https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of annual rainfall in Libya according to CKKP data during the period 1901-2022
The study analyzes rainfall amounts in Libya over the period 1901–2022, based on data from the World Bank’s Climate Change Knowledge Portal, with the aim of identifying the long-term trend of this time series. The data were processed using the statistical software EViews 13. The results indicate that rainfall in Libya during 1901–2022 has been stable and has not undergone significant change, and that there is no trend in the rainfall time series at the 0.01 significance level. The changes identified by some previous studies at certain meteorological stations are limited in both spatial and temporal scope—that is, variations in rainfall occurred in specific locations and during specific periods and do not apply to Libya as a whole. This conclusion was reached through the application of the Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) test and the KPSS test, and is attributed to global climate change.
Copyright (c) 2026 جمعة علي المليان، موسى خليل سعيد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FROM SOURCE TO CONSUMER: HOW BLOCKCHAIN STRENGTHENS TRANSPARENCY AND TRACEABILITY IN SUPPLY CHAINS
This paper presents an integrative conceptual framework that systematically links blockchain's technical capabilities to measurable supply chain performance outcomes. Through systematic multi-case analysis of industry implementations (Walmart, IBM Food Trust, Everledger), we demonstrate how core blockchain features—immutability, transparency, and smart contracts—enable notable improvements in traceability, fraud reduction, and stakeholder trust. Key findings reveal significant efficiency gains, including traceability acceleration from days to seconds and enhanced supply chain visibility. The framework provides practitioners with a diagnostic tool for blockchain adoption while contributing theoretically to supply chain digitalization literature by elucidating the mechanisms through which blockchain creates value in complex supply networks.
Copyright (c) 2026 محمد مولود، عثمان قندي، صالح البوري https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
University Professor's Communication Skills and Their Role in Enhancing Students' Academic Achievement: A Student Perspective.
This research investigates the relationship between effective communication skills of university professors and improved student achievement from the students' perspective. It emphasizes the importance of communication in the university educational process and its role in knowledge transfer, student interaction, and enhanced learning. The research aims to identify the most important communication skills of professors and their impact on achievement, and to explore obstacles and means of development. The research is based on the hypothesis that there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between communication skills and achievement. The researcher followed the descriptive-analytical method as the most suitable approach for the variables of this study. The sample consisted of female students from the Faculty of Education, Tripoli, University of Tripoli. The sample size was 200 female students, randomly selected from the female students of the Faculty of Education, Tripoli, representing 10% of the student body. The results showed that effective communication skills of university professors have a positive and direct impact on students' academic achievement. Clear explanations, the use of scientific examples, encouragement of participation, provision of feedback, use of diverse teaching methods, and the professor's enthusiasm all contribute to increasing students' understanding of the material Their motivation to learn, their ability to absorb information and overcome academic difficulties, and the results also showed a statistically significant relationship between the university professor's communication skills and the students' academic achievement. It was found that the effective communication skills possessed by the university professor contribute significantly to the overall variance in students' academic achievement. The results confirm that the university professor's effective communication skills are a key factor in determining the students' academic achievement level.
Copyright (c) 2026 علي الهمالي أحمد الترهوني https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From Structure to Semantics: the Arabic Morphological Root as A Contemporary Mechanism for Generating Meaning
This study revisits the concept of the Arabic morphological root, moving beyond the traditional view that confines it to a purely structural basis for derivation toward contemporary approach that considers it a central semantic mechanism for meaning generation. The research explores the methodological shift from structure to meaning, drawing on Ali Fahmi Khashim’s perspective, which emphasizes the vitality and semantic flexibility of the root and its ability to preserve a core meaning across different patterns and contexts. Adopting a descriptive-analytical method, the study combines theoretical grounding with applied analysis through selected linguistic examples that demonstrate the role of the root in organizing semantic fields and linking structure with meaning and context. The findings indicate that employing the morphological root within a modern semantic framework provides deeper insight into the structure of Arabic words and enhances lexical and textual analysis, thereby opening new horizons for contemporary linguistic studies.
Copyright (c) 2026 فاطمة أبوراوي، نعيمة الساكر https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital Violence Against Students in the Context of Social Media Use
The study highlighted digital violence directed towards certain social groups, namely the youth (students), Young people are considered the most vulnerable to this type of violence, and the current study aims to identify the reasons. digital violence against students in Libyan society, especially in the local community of Al-Marj, and to identify the most prominent reasons driving this type of violence to which they are exposed The study analyzes the effects of digital violence, identifies ways to mitigate it in society, and addresses this phenomenon before it occurs, from the students' perspective. The study employs a descriptive methodology, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative elements, through a questionnaire that was open to student participation. To answer a set of closed-ended questions, the study allowed for quantitative analysis, with a sample size of 170 male. The current study concluded that there are multiple dimensions of the phenomenon of digital violence directed against students, in terms of its underlying causes. This violence, whether social, economic, or cultural, and its various physical, psychological, and social consequences, led the study to conclude that the phenomenon can be mitigated through several means, including intellectual and cultural awareness and legal measures within society.
Copyright (c) 2026 زينب أبوزيد أبوبكر سالم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of the Family in Reducing the Negative Effects of Children’s Use of Smartphones
This study aims to shed light on the role of the family in reducing the negative effects of smartphones on children and to explore their social, behavioral, and health impacts. It also seeks to identify the applications that attract children’s attention on smartphones. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical method, and the sample consisted of 100 parents from Majer area, selected through purposive sampling. The study tool was a questionnaire. The study reached several findings. It showed that 64% of the sample were aged 33 years and above, and that most participants had a university-level education or higher, representing 61.0% of the sample. The findings also indicated that parents are making serious efforts to reduce the impact of smartphones on their children by adopting various strategies. The study concluded that smartphones have many social, behavioral, and health effects on children from the parents’ perspective in Majer area. Moreover, it revealed that there are many applications and programs that attract children to smartphones, the most prominent being entertainment games, followed by watching entertaining cartoon movies on YouTube Kids, and then drawing and coloring applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 فرج محمد التونسي ، مـــــلاك منصور أبوزيد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Fuel Consumption in Marine Diesel Engines Using Thermodynamic Equations
Fuel injection systems in marine diesel engines are critical factors that determine combustion efficiency, fuel consumption, and operational stability of ships. This study aims to analyze the fuel injection system performance of the main engine on the Libyan tanker M.T. ANWAAR ALNASER, equipped with a MAN B&W 6S46MC-C slow-speed diesel engine rated at 7860 kW at 129 rpm, using a computational model based on the actual technical specifications of the vessel, without the need for field measurements. Thermodynamic and hydrodynamic equations were employed to calculate the total fuel mass flow, fuel distribution per cylinder, and fuel per injection stroke. The required injection pressure was determined using nozzle flow equations, considering discharge coefficients and fuel density, while the effect of injection variations and fuel viscosity on combustion stability was also analyzed. Results showed that the fuel mass per injection is approximately 30.5 g, and the required injection pressure is around 190 bar, consistent with the manufacturer’s design specifications for the MC-C engine. A 5% variation in fuel per injection between cylinders leads to noticeable power fluctuations and an increase in exhaust temperature by about 20°C, highlighting the importance of controlling fuel viscosity and maintaining injection pumps to ensure injection stability and improved atomization. The computed thermal efficiency of the engine is approximately 50%, reflecting typical performance for slow-speed marine engines running on HFO fuel.
Copyright (c) 2026 حمزة مفتاح رجب، بالقاسم محمد الأعوج، عبدالسلام رمضان دلف https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Extent of Awareness of Faculty Members in Accounting Departments of The Role of Cloud Computing Technology in Improving Accounting Education
This study aimed to explore the extent to which faculty members in accounting departments are aware of the role of cloud computing technology in improving accounting education. This was achieved through a field study conducted among faculty members in accounting departments at Libyan universities. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach with a quantitative focus, utilizing an electronic questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. A sample of 380 faculty members was selected and completed using the electronic questionnaire. The collected data were then analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The study concluded with several key findings, most notably that faculty members in accounting departments are aware of the role of cloud computing technology in enhancing accounting education, that this technology helps develop the professional skills of accounting students, and that it offers numerous advantages in teaching accounting courses. In light of these results, the study recommended training faculty members on the use of cloud computing in accounting education, developing the technical infrastructure in universities through internet networks, platforms and cloud software, in addition to updating curricula to integrate cloud applications and develop students' technical skills, while strengthening partnership with the labor market to ensure that educational outcomes are aligned with modern technological developments.
Copyright (c) 2026 عبدالفتاح محمد كرزمة https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Emperor Commodus between Legitimacy and Criticism: A Bad Emperor or a Victim of Bias?
This research examines the character of Emperor Commodus through three main lenses: his upbringing and the establishment of his imperial legitimacy, the peace treaty on the Danube in 180 AD, and the conflicts within the imperial court and their impact on his image. The research seeks to reassess the criticisms directed at Commodus by testing hypotheses that suggest his privileged and secluded upbringing, as well as his young age at accession, were not indicators of weakness but rather factors that exposed him to the biases of the Senate. It further argues that the peace treaty was a rational choice imposed by the political and economic circumstances of an empire exhausted by prolonged wars, and that his adoption of a divine image was a response to internal threats rather than a mere expression of personal vanity. The study relies on the analysis of ancient sources within the political and social context of the Roman Empire, alongside the review and examination of modern scholarship and secondary studies that have addressed Commodus from different perspectives, with the aim of offering a more balanced understanding of his character and reign.
Happiness of the Age (Felicitas Temporum)
Copyright (c) 2026 محمد ناجي بن عروص https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Constitutional Judiciary in Libya: Historical Development and Contemporary Challenges
This study addresses the judicial review of the constitutionality of laws in Libya by examining the development of the constitutional judiciary and analyzing the impact of political and constitutional transformations on its independence and effectiveness. Since the 1951 Constitution, this task was assigned to the Supreme Court through its Constitutional Chamber, until legal and scholarly calls emerged for establishing an independent constitutional court. This was reflected in the 2017 draft constitution and later implemented legislatively through Law No. 5 of 2023, which established the Supreme Constitutional Court. The study aims to trace the historical trajectory of Libya’s constitutional judiciary, analyze its constitutional and legal foundations, evaluate the legal framework organizing the Supreme Constitutional Court, and highlight contemporary challenges related to its structure, jurisdiction, and role in upholding the supremacy of the constitution and protecting fundamental rights and freedoms.
Copyright (c) 2026 فدوى عمر أبوشويشه https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Study of Some Properties of Granular Base Course Materials for Roads from Quarries in Zliten City
In road construction projects, emphasis on the properties of pavement layers is considered a fundamental aspect to ensure roadway efficiency and performance. This research aims to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of the base course layer by collecting samples from several quarries located within Zliten city and conducting a series of laboratory tests on them. The objective is to evaluate their compliance with the Libyan Standard Specifications for Roads and Bridges and to contribute to the selection of suitable quarries for road construction projects. The laboratory tests conducted included particle size distribution analysis, Atterberg limits determination, Los Angeles abrasion test, compaction test, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test. The analysis of the test results revealed a noticeable variation in the obtained values among the studied quarries, with most results conforming to the standard specifications. It was found that Quarry No. (4) achieved full compliance with all the requirements of the standard specifications, whereas the other quarries exhibited similar properties but had some results falling outside the permissible specification limits. This necessitates the development and monitoring of rock crushing mechanisms and the improvement of sorting and production processes in these quarries to enhance the quality of the produced materials and ensure their compliance with the adopted standard specifications.
Copyright (c) 2026 عبدالله علي اغويله، سالم صالح خوجة، محمد عبدالله بن حليم، عاصم عبدالحكيم صوفيه، وائل عبدالله احميده https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implications of Administrative Use of Artificial Intelligence Technologies on the Rules of Administrative Liability
Artificial intelligence applications provide solutions to many problems in our daily lives in various fields at a tremendous speed that exceeds human ability. Artificial intelligence technology has become widely used to assist the administration in issuing administrative decisions and in carrying out its activities in its various aspects. Mostly, management depends on the outcome of artificial intelligence. However, the administration's use of artificial intelligence techniques raises many legal questions and problems that require the search for answers and solutions, whether with regard to the basis, type, or scope of administrative responsibility. There is no doubt that the use of artificial intelligence technology must have repercussions on the rules and elements of the administration's responsibility for its actions, whether with regard to administrative responsibility for individual administrative decisions issued based on artificial intelligence, or for regulatory decisions regulating the use of artificial intelligence, or with regard to responsibility for the material actions of the administration. The administration's use of artificial intelligence techniques also raises questions about controls over the elimination of decisions issued based on artificial intelligence. On the other hand, the use of artificial intelligence techniques and smart robots has created many difficulties in proving the administration’s responsibility for its legal and material actions alike. From here came the idea of ​​the research, which aims to find out the impact of the administration's use of artificial intelligence technology on the rules and pillars of administrative responsibility, methods of proving it, and the administrative judiciary's control of the administration's work based on artificial intelligence. In this study, the researcher uses the analytical descriptive approach to understand all aspects of the research problem in an effort to reach a sound treatment of the research topic, analyze it in detail, and then arrange it in one intellectual and legal format. The comparative approach is also used to the extent required by the nature of the study in some of its parts through presentation and balance between the position of jurisprudence and judiciary in some countries such as France, Italy and Egypt. The researcher concludes this study by presenting the most important results that have been reached and presenting suggestions useful in answering the questions raised by the administration’s reliance on artificial intelligence technology in issuing its decisions and carrying out its work, with regard to the basis, elements and scope of the administration’s responsibility for its work, overcoming the difficulties of proving this responsibility, and enlightening the administration with the controls. What must be taken into account when issuing administrative decisions using artificial intelligence techniques in order to avoid causing damage to others and determining their responsibilities for these damages.
Copyright (c) 2025 ضياء عبد الحميد عبد الوكيل https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Administrative Responsibility in the Use of Artificial Intelligence
This research addresses the issue of legal and administrative responsibility associated with the use of artificial intelligence in administrative decision-making, with a focus on the legal and regulatory challenges arising from the increasing reliance on this technology in public sectors. The research includes an analysis of administrative responsibility when errors occur as a result of the use of artificial intelligence in decision-making, and clarifies the potential risks these errors pose to individuals and communities. The research also addresses the problem of transparency and accountability in administrative processes that rely on artificial intelligence, and examines challenges related to the protection of personal data and privacy in light of the growing applications of this technology. In addition, the research reviews proposed legal and regulatory solutions to address these challenges, including the need to develop clear legislation to regulate the use of artificial intelligence in administrative decisions and the establishment of effective mechanisms to ensure transparency and accountability in artificial intelligence algorithms. Furthermore, the research discusses the importance of establishing flexible regulatory frameworks to ensure a balance between benefiting from artificial intelligence technologies and protecting individual rights, with a focus on developing legislation to ensure privacy protection and data security in this context. At the end of the research, a set of legal recommendations is presented to improve the regulation of artificial intelligence use, ensuring the protection of citizens' rights and mitigating potential risks associated with these technologies.
Copyright (c) 2025 زهرة عبد الله ناجي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
International Responsibility for the Harm Caused by Weapons Enhanced with Artificial Intelligence Technologies Intelligence Technologies
Human societies today are witnessing a significant and rapid development in the field of technology (technological revolution). Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the most important innovations resulting from this technology. AI technologies have increasingly been utilized in various sectors such as healthcare, education, judiciary, and other aspects of economic, social, political, and even military life, particularly in armed conflicts. Recently, it has been observed that many conflicting parties resort to the use of weapons developed with AI technologies. These weapons have been proven to possess high destructive power, which may lead to an increase in crimes committed in violation of international humanitarian law. Consequently, this gives rise to international responsibility in both its civil and criminal dimensions, posing a legal challenge to the existing international legal frameworks in terms of their capacity to keep pace with these developments. This highlights the importance of researching this topic to address the problem of assessing the adequacy of existing international legal rules and their ability to regulate and control the use of AI-enhanced weapons and provide the necessary protection against their harms. Therefore, we will examine this issue by dividing it into two sections preceded by an introductory section to define artificial intelligence. The first section will focus on explaining international civil liability for damages caused by the use of AI weapons and the related legal challenges. The second section will address international criminal liability for damages caused by the use of AI weapons and the related legal challenges. In doing so, we will employ a descriptive approach to clarify the meaning of artificial intelligence, define its types and uses, and introduce international responsibility in both its civil and criminal aspects. We will also utilize an analytical approach to analyze the relevant international legal rules and employ a critical approach to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the existing international legal rules in regulating the use of this type of weaponry.
international civil and criminal liability
Copyright (c) 2025 فاتن علي بشينة https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Constitutional norms for artificial intelligence
Constitutional standards for artificial intelligence represent a modern framework aimed at regulating and guiding the use of AI technologies within limits that ensure respect for constitutional values ​​and principles, foremost among them human dignity, freedom, equality, and the protection of privacy. With the rapid development of AI, the need has arisen to establish a normative system that balances the demands of technological innovation with the guarantee of the rule of law. Constitutional standards are based on imposing legal and ethical oversight on AI systems, ensuring that they do not exceed their powers or lead to decisions that infringe upon fundamental individual rights without accountability or transparency. They also seek to integrate the principles of legality and accountability at every stage of the design and application of these technologies, through legislation that obligates programmers and users to respect constitutional rights. The importance of constitutional standards is also evident in addressing the risks arising from excessive reliance on AI in the fields of justice, security, and public administration, where biased or privacy-violating automated decisions may occur. Therefore, modern constitutions are required to accommodate technological transformations by stipulating principles that guarantee the responsible use of artificial intelligence and establish the concept of “constitutional AI,” which is subject to the law and not above it. Constitutional normativity thus serves as a tool for balancing technological progress with the protection of human beings, who are the central focus of the legal and constitutional system.
Copyright (c) 2025 مفتاح أغنيِّة محمد أغنية https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Criminal Protection of Artificial Intelligence Performance Against Cyber Delinquency and Crime
At the end of last century, the World witnessed a great Information technology revolution that paved the way for a new era. It is the era of the Information technology which kept on developing until we witnessed yet a second IT revolution characterized by the Artificial Intelligence technology. One of the most important consequences of such technological development is the Legal controversy it created. The controversy consisted in the possible damages that could be caused by the use of AI, and thus, the difficulty of establishing Criminal liability and who should be held responsible, as well as the difficulty of attributing the Tort, whether intentional or unintentional. In 2024 the European Union issued the AI Act to address such legal controversy. The Law stipulates the necessity of appointing a “Human representative” whose task is to monitor the use of AI technology through detecting any high risks according to very specific criteria determined by the EU Act. And so we are in front of an attempt toward a Legal Protection of the AI from sliding into crime instead of determining its Criminal liability. Such a matter reminds us of the legal system of the Minors and persons without legal capacity Criminal Liability, which stated that Security Measures should be imposed in case of any criminal threats. The main scope of these measures is to create a safe environment which would prevent them from committing any future criminal acts. The European Union Law on AI is based on a set of criteria defined in detail and can be considered as a Model Law in classifying levels of Risks, through identifying a number of obligations on both, the Human Representative and the technology manufacturers and developers whom are required to design algorithms in a way that allows “human” monitoring and control of the Artificial Intelligence technology in order to determine how effective it is and how it develops.Thus, we are faced with a special legal status that stands in the middle between granting Legal personality and not granting it. This was discussed through exposing the topic of cyber threats of AI technology according to the criteria defined by the European Union Law and on the security measures to face such threats and to prevent AI to fall into cybercrime and consequently cause harm to persons and to assets.
Copyright (c) 2025 رحاب علي عمَيش https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector
This study explores the application of artificial intelligence (AI) within the field of public administration, focusing on the regulation and management of financial benefits for public employees as a practical model. These benefits represent one of the most vital components of the employment relationship. The first section discusses the role of AI technologies in organizing the disbursement of salaries and allowances through electronic systems designed to uphold the principles of legality, fairness, and transparency. It examines the electronic procedures used to determine salary entitlements and identify legal barriers that may hinder payment, in accordance with the provisions of Libyan legislation in force. It also analyzes the mechanisms governing various types of allowances—annual, incentive, and family—and explains how AI contributes to promoting employees based on objective, data-driven criteria. The second section sheds light on the use of AI tools in managing both temporary and permanent allowances, such as travel, accommodation, subsistence, housing, and work-related benefits. It highlights how electronic systems can be integrated to regulate the disbursement of these allowances using attendance records, job nature, and workplace data. Furthermore, the study examines the procedures for granting incentive bonuses and overtime payments, emphasizing the importance of adopting digital systems to analyze performance and determine eligibility according to precise, verifiable standards.
Copyright (c) 2025 أســـامــة ســـالـــم امحمد منصور https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The extent of the evidentiary value of criminal evidence resulting from the use of artificial intelligence
This research paper serves as an introduction to the unknown world of artificial intelligence. It focuses on some of its aspects and answers questions about the challenges posed by the use of this type of technology in the judicial field, specifically its effectiveness as evidence. The question arises in this regard: does the use of artificial intelligence constitute reliable evidence? If so, how effective and sufficient is this evidence to prove that the incident is attributed to the accused ? To answer this question, there was a need to present the standers and conditions that must be met for evidence to be considered reliable, credible and even effective In addressing accountability, the paper examines the Libyan legislator's stand view, in terms of the application of both civil and criminal liability. Also, it explores other judiciaries' experiences, particularly the in the United States of America. To conclude, we must deal with AI technology as an inevitable reality, not as an option. Electronic evidence in general, and artificial intelligence technology in particular, has been in use for a long time. In fact, it has become a match for human ingenuity and intelligence
admissibility of artificial intelligence
Copyright (c) 2025 علي محمد الفورتية https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Improving the Quality of Administrative Decisions
In light of the rapid technological developments, artificial intelligence has become one of the main drivers of digital transformation in institutions. Administrative decision-making is among the areas that have been significantly affected by artificial intelligence technologies, as these technologies contribute to enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of administrative decisions. This research aims to analyze the impact of artificial intelligence on improving the quality of administrative decisions by studying its various applications and dimensions.
Copyright (c) 2025 وداد حسين محمد الخرم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Jurisprudential Guidelines for the Use of Artificial Intelligence Tools
This research addresses jurisprudential regulations in the use of artificial intelligence tools. The first section discusses the essence of jurisprudential regulations, distinguishing them from other jurisprudential rules, and clarifying their sources in the Qur'an and Sunnah, the second section focuses on the legal framework, affirming the permissibility of using artificial intelligence, provided it adheres to jurisprudential regulations, such as ensuring AI tools are not designed in the form of living entities unless there is a significant benefit. Furthermore, the purpose of using AI must be lawful under Shari'ah, and it must not result in a violation of privacy. Any breach of these regulations may lead to religious accountability in cases of harm to life or property. The study concludes with recommendations, including the establishment of clear legislations and raising user awareness.
Jurisprudential regulations for artificial intelligence
Copyright (c) 2025 إيمان جمال حمس، فرج صالح امنينية https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Legal Personality of Artificial Intelligence and Liability for its Errors
Artificial Intelligence (AI) represents one of the most advanced achievements of modern technology, encompassing intelligent systems and software capable of performing tasks that require human-like intelligence, such as problem-solving and decision-making. These capabilities rely on machine learning, deep learning, and neural networks. Artificial intelligence has moved beyond science fiction to become a tangible reality, manifested in autonomous robots, self-driving cars, personal assistant robots, and even military robotics. From a legal perspective, artificial intelligence raises fundamental questions concerning its legal personality and the potential attribution of legal liability similar to that granted to humans or juridical persons such as corporations. Legal scholars have long debated this issue, particularly following the European Parliament’s recommendation of 16 February 2017, which suggested recognizing AI’s legal personality—before this proposal was withdrawn in the session of 20 October 2020. This research aims to define artificial intelligence and its fields of application while discussing the concept of granting legal personality to AI by presenting the arguments of both proponents and opponents. The study concludes that, at this stage, AI should not be granted independent legal personality but rather be governed through strict legal regulations and mandatory insurance mechanisms to ensure accountability and mitigate associated risks
Copyright (c) 2025 أحمد بهاء الدين صالح https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Digital Diplomacy
Modern trends in international relations have been constantly evolving, giving rise to digital diplomacy. Artificial intelligence (AI) plays a vital role in this field, as it is an increasingly important and sophisticated tool in digital diplomacy due to its practical significance in international relations, particularly during times of war and crisis. Theoretically, understanding its positive and negative aspects and leveraging them to the fullest extent possible within the international community is crucial for facilitating communication between states and the conclusion of international treaties and agreements. This raises a key question: how can AI influence digital diplomacy in a way that ensures and enhances effective communication between states, while also considering the ethical and security challenges that may arise from relying on these technologies? This research plan is based on two main objectives. The first objective examines the role of AI in digital diplomacy, with the first subsection highlighting its positive aspects and the second its negative ones. The second objective then explores the future vision for AI in digital diplomacy. The first subsection addresses future opportunities and challenges in international relations, while the second subsection examines its application in international relations during both peace and war, especially in conflict resolution and the resolution of international crises. To understand its impact, we must examine its role and future. We adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, describing the state of artificial intelligence in digital diplomacy and analyzing its positive and negative roles to determine its future in international relations, particularly during times of war. Ultimately, we concluded that it is essential to enhance training programs for diplomats on the use of artificial intelligence to strengthen cooperation between nations.
Copyright (c) 2025 منية عمرو ناجي غواز https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0