The Common People in the City of Tripoli During the Second Ottoman Era (1835–1912)

Abstract

During the Second Ottoman Era (1835–1912), Tripoli witnessed political and economic stability, which contributed to the formation of a diverse general class composed of Arabs, Jews, Europeans, and Africans. These groups integrated into society while maintaining their own religious and cultural traditions. Arabs formed the majority, known for their diligence, activity, and commercial engagement. Jews played a significant economic role under Ottoman protection, Europeans were active in trade and education, and Africans, particularly from the Hausa tribes, integrated socially and economically. Economically, the general class relied on agriculture and traditional crafts. The establishment of the School of Arts and Crafts enhanced vocational skills in woodworking, blacksmithing, leatherwork, copperwork, pottery, and textile production. Various specialized markets, such as the Silk Market, Goldsmiths’ Market, Saddlers’ Market, and Perfume Market, facilitated trade and daily needs. The general class displayed occupational diversity, local production, and economic self-sufficiency, fostering social cohesion. The study highlights the coexistence and tolerance among different ethnic groups, illustrating Tripoli as a model of peaceful social interaction in North Africa during this period.