The Security Requirements of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) States at the Regional Level and their Perceptions of American Hegemony.

Abstract

Despite growing attention to the security shifts in the Gulf since the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003, there remains a significant need to understand how the GCC states have responded and adapted to evolving regional security dynamics. The Gulf has undergone a profound transformation, characterized by Iraq’s diminished role and the emergence of Iran as a regional power. This study aims to analyze the security requirements of GCC member states at both regional and international levels by examining the internal and external factors shaping their security policies, as well as the challenges and threats they face. Furthermore, the study explores Gulf countries’ perceptions of U.S. presence and hegemony in the region, and how this affects their sovereignty and autonomy in political and security decision-making. It also seeks to identify strategic alternatives that could enhance Gulf states’ regional influence through diversified security partnerships, coordinated Gulf-wide collaboration, and the development of indigenous defense capabilities. This research employs a descriptive‑analytical and historical methodology, drawing on a specialized literature review and policy analysis, and focuses on the period between 2003 and 2024—a timeframe marked by pivotal changes in both regional and global orders that directly influenced Gulf state strategies. The findings reveal that reliance on U.S. military power and protection is no longer adequate. Given intensifying regional competition and American hegemonic influence, the only viable strategy is diversifying alliances, fostering GCC integration, and enhancing military capacities. Accordingly, the study recommends adopting a multilateral regional security model that balances relationships with global powers while strengthening Gulf-based self‑defense mechanisms.